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What does chemical resistance mean for stainless steel?
Chemical resistance describes the ability of a stainless steel alloy to permanently withstand aggressive substances such as acids, alkalis, and salts without being structurally or functionally impaired.
The basis of this resistance is the so-called passive layer: a thin, stable chromium oxide layer that forms on the surface of the stainless steel. A minimum chromium content of 10.5% is required. This layer acts as a barrier against chemical attack and possesses a remarkable property: it regenerates itself after minor damage, provided sufficient oxygen is available.
Whether an alloy can withstand a specific substance depends on several factors:
- Type and concentration of the substance: Dilute acids behave fundamentally differently from concentrated ones. An alloy that is resistant in 10% sulfuric acid may fail in 50%.
- Temperature: Higher temperatures accelerate chemical reactions and attack the passive layer more aggressively. Many resistance tables only apply up to 20°C — at operating temperatures above 60°C, a separate evaluation is required.
- Exposure time: Short-term contact (e.g., CIP cleaning) places different demands than permanent storage.
- Alloy composition: The addition of nickel, molybdenum, or titanium significantly changes the resistance profile. These elements enable targeted improvements — for example, higher chloride resistance through molybdenum.
With insufficient resistance, chemical reactions can weaken the integrity of the material, potentially leading to pitting, crevice corrosion, or in extreme cases, leaks and vessel failure.
Resistance levels: What do the ratings mean?
Resistance tables use standardized rating levels that show at a glance the suitability of a material for a specific substance.
The following legend explains the rating scale used in resistance tables — including the reference table further below:
Resistant (Level 0)
Corrosion rate < 0.1 mm/year. Unrestricted use for permanent contact and storage.
Mostly resistant (Level 1)
Corrosion rate 0.1–0.5 mm/year. Suitable with regular inspection.
Poorly resistant (Level 2)
Corrosion rate 0.5–1.0 mm/year. Only for short-term contact or when no alternative is available.
Not resistant (Level 3)
Corrosion rate > 1.0 mm/year. Do not use. Choose an alternative material.
Special conditions (*)
Resistance depends on concentration, temperature, or aeration. Individual evaluation required.
No data (n/a)
No reliable data available for this combination.
The rating always applies under defined standard conditions (typically 20°C, static, aerated). Deviating operating conditions — particularly elevated temperature, flow velocity, or mixed media — can change the result.
V2A, V4A and special alloys compared
V2A and V4A are the most common material groups in vessel construction. The choice between them determines which substances the vessel can permanently withstand.
Behind the umbrella terms V2A and V4A lies a significantly broader range of different stainless steel alloys, which achieve specific improvements through the addition of further elements such as nickel, molybdenum, or titanium.
1.4301
V2A
AISI 304
- Cr: 18 % · Mo: —
- Standard alloy, no molybdenum
- Water, food, mild chemicals
1.4404
V4A
AISI 316L
- Cr: 17 % · Mo: 2,1 %
- Low-carbon, good weldability
- Pharma, food, CIP cleaning
1.4571
V4A
AISI 316Ti
- Cr: 17 % · Mo: 2,1 %
- Ti-stabilized, heat resistant
- Chemical industry, high temperature, reactors
1.4435
V4A
AISI 316L+
- Cr: 18 % · Mo: 2,7 %
- Higher Mo content
- Pharma, aggressive media
1.4539
Special
904L
- Cr: 20 % · Mo: 4,3 %
- High-alloy, highest acid resistance
- Concentrated acids, chlorides
The crucial difference: V4A alloys contain molybdenum (Mo), which significantly increases resistance to chlorides and reducing acids. V2A lacks this element entirely, which is why it is not sufficiently resistant for chloride-containing media, seawater, and many acids.
Choose V2A (1.4301) when:
- The medium is chloride-free or low in chlorides (e.g., drinking water, deionized water)
- Contact only involves mild chemicals (e.g., dilute alkalis, food without high salt concentration)
- The operating temperature is below 60°C
- CIP cleaning uses standard agents at low concentrations
- Cost is a decisive factor and the chemical load is low
Choose V4A (1.4404/1.4571) when:
- The medium contains chlorides (salts, brine, chlorine-based cleaners, seawater)
- Acids at higher concentrations are stored or processed (e.g., acetic acid > 5%, phosphoric acid)
- The operating temperature exceeds 60°C
- Pharmaceutical or FDA-compliant surfaces are required
- Longer service life and lower maintenance costs justify the premium
- Dynamic loads from agitators or pressure cycling occur (1.4571 preferred)
Most searched substances: Quick reference
The following reference table shows at a glance how the most common stainless steel alloys react to the most frequently requested substances.
Rating: 0 = resistant, 1 = mostly resistant, 2 = poorly resistant, 3 = not resistant, * = special conditions. All data applies at 20°C unless otherwise stated.
| Substance | V2A1.4301 · 1.4307 | V4A1.4401 · 1.4404 · 1.4571 | Temp. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water (DI / distilled) | 20 °C | ||
| Drinking water | 20 °C | ||
| Seawater / salt water | 20 °C | ||
| Nitric acid (10%) | 20 °C | ||
| Hydrochloric acid (1%) | 20 °C | ||
| Sulfuric acid (5%) | 20 °C | ||
| Acetic acid (10%) | 20 °C | ||
| Citric acid (10%) | 20 °C | ||
| Phosphoric acid (10%) | 20 °C | ||
| Sodium hydroxide (10%) | 20 °C | ||
| Sodium hydroxide (50%) | 20 °C | ||
| Ammonia (aqueous) | 20 °C | ||
| Hydrogen peroxide (10%) | 20 °C | ||
| Ethanol | 20 °C | ||
| Acetone | 20 °C | ||
| Hydrofluoric acid (any conc.) | 20 °C | ||
| Sodium hypochlorite | 20 °C | ||
| Milk (fresh) | 20 °C | ||
| Whey | 20 °C | ||
| Fruit juices | 20 °C |
This table serves as a guide. For the complete substance comparison with over 200 materials, scroll to the large resistance table below.
Search directly in the complete table:
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Acetic acid
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
Citric acid
Ammonia
Hydrogen peroxide
Seawater
Acetone
Ethanol
Hydrofluoric acid
Sodium hypochlorite
Milk & Whey
Water (DI)
Complete resistance table: Over 990 substances compared
Search our database of over 990 substances and find the appropriate resistance rating for V2A and V4A stainless steel at 20°C and 50°C.
| Substance | Formula | Conc. | V2A 20 °C1.4301 · 1.4307 | V2A 50 °C1.4301 · 1.4307 | V4A 20 °C1.4401 · 1.4404 · 1.4571 | V4A 50 °C1.4401 · 1.4404 · 1.4571 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exhaust gases, alkaline | — | ||||||
| Exhaust gases, containing hydrogen fluoride | — | low | |||||
| Exhaust gases, containing carbon dioxide | — | low | |||||
| Exhaust gases, containing nitrous gases | — | low | |||||
| Exhaust gases, containing hydrochloric acid | — | any | |||||
| Exhaust gases, containing sulfur dioxide | — | low | |||||
| Exhaust gases, containing sulfuric acid | — | any | |||||
| Exhaust gases, containing sulfur trioxide | — | low | |||||
| Acetaldehyd | C₂H₄O | 40 % | |||||
| Acetaldehyd | C₂H₄O | tech. pure | |||||
| Acetamid | C₂H₅NO | sat. | |||||
| Acetamino-4-ethoxybenzol, 1- | C₁₀H₁₃NO₂ | ||||||
| Acetanhydrid | C₄H₆O₃ | ||||||
| Aceton | C₃H₆O | ||||||
| Acetonitril | C₂H₃N | ||||||
| Acetophenon | C₈H₈O | ||||||
| 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid | C₉H₈O₄ | 100 % | |||||
| Acetyl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-2,4-dion, 2 | C₈H₈O₄ | ||||||
| Acetylchlorid | C₂H₃ClO | 100 % | |||||
| Acetylen | C₂H₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Acetylentetrabromid | C₂H₂Br₄ | 100 % | |||||
| Acetylentetrachlorid | C₂H₂Cl₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | C₉H₈O₄ | 100 % | |||||
| Acrylnitril | C₃H₃N | ||||||
| Acrylsäurebutylester | C₇H₁₂O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Acrylsäureethylester | C₅H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Acrylsäuremethylester | C₄H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Adipic acid | C₆H₁₀O₄ | sat. | |||||
| Dioctyl adipate | C₂₂H₄₂O₄ | ||||||
| Akkusäure Batteriesäure | H₂SO₄ | 38 % | |||||
| Alanin | C₃H₇NO₂ | ||||||
| Alums | KAl(SO₄)₂ x ₁₂H₂O ₀₁₀₀₄₃-₆₇-₁ | verdünnt | |||||
| Alcohol | C₂H₅ClO | tech. pure | |||||
| Allylacetat | C₅H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Allylalkohol | C₃H₆O | 96 % | |||||
| Allylchlorid | C₃H₅Cl | 100 % | |||||
| Allylisothiocyanat | C₄H₅NS | ||||||
| Allylsenföl Oleum Sinapis | C₄H₅NS | ||||||
| Aluminium(hydroxid)acetat Essigsaure Tonerde | C₄H₇AlO₅ | wässrig | |||||
| Aluminiumammoniumsulfat | (NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Aluminiumchlorid | AlCl₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Aluminiumchlorid Salzsäure-Aluminiumsalz, wasserfrei | AlCl₃ | fest | |||||
| Aluminiumchlorid Salzsäure-Aluminiumsalz, wasserfrei | AlCl₃ | sat. | |||||
| Aluminiumfluorid | AlF₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Aluminiumhydroxid wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | Al(HO)3 | ||||||
| Aluminiumhydroxiddiacetat | C₄H₇AlO₅ x H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Aluminiumnitrat | Al(NO₃)₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Aluminiumoxid wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | Al₂O₃ | fest | |||||
| Aluminiumsulfat | Al₂(SO₄)₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Aluminiumsulfat | Al₂(SO₄)₃ | sat. | |||||
| Aluminiumtrifluorid | AlF₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Formic acid | CH₂O₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Formic acid | CH₂O₂ | 98-100 % | |||||
| Formic acid | CH₂O₂ | 3 % | |||||
| Formamide | C₃H₇NO | ||||||
| Ethyl formate | C₃H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Methyl formate | C₂H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Aminobenzol | C₆H₇N | ||||||
| Aminobutan | C₄H₁₁N | ||||||
| Aminoessigsäure | C₂H₅NO₂ | 10 % | |||||
| Aminoethanol, 2- | C₄H₁₁NO₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Aminoethansäure | C₂H₅NO₂ | 10 % | |||||
| Aminomethan | CH₅N | 32 % | |||||
| Aminopropan | C₃H₉N | ||||||
| Aminopropionsäure, L-2- | C₃H₇NO₂ | ||||||
| Ammonia | NH₃ + H₂O | 30 % | |||||
| Ammonia, sulfuric | (NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonia water | NH₃ + H₂O | 30 % | |||||
| Ammonium 2-hydroxyacetate | C₂H₇NO₃ | ||||||
| Ammonium acetate | C₂H₇NO₂ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium alum | (NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium aluminum sulfate | (NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium bicarbonate | CH₅NO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium bifluoride | F₂H₅N | 50 % | |||||
| Ammoniumcarbonat Hirschhornsalz | (NH₄)₂CO₃ | 50 % | |||||
| Ammoniumcarbonat Hirschhornsalz | (NH₄)₂CO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Ammoniumchlorid Salmiak | (NH₄)Cl | fest | |||||
| Ammoniumchlorid Salmiak | (NH₄)Cl | wässrig | |||||
| Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate | (NH₄)H₂PO₄ | any | |||||
| Ammonium iron(II) sulfate | (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂ | ||||||
| Ammonium iron(III) sulfate | (NH₄)Fe(SO₄)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium fluoride | (NH₄)F | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium fluoride | (NH₄)F | wässrig | |||||
| Ammonium glycolate | C₂H₇NO₃ | ||||||
| Ammonium heptamolybdate | (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄ | ||||||
| Ammonium hydrogen carbonate | CH₅NO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium hydrogen difluoride | F₂H₅N | 50 % | |||||
| Ammonium hydrogen sulfide | (NH₄)HS | any | |||||
| Ammonium hydrosulfide | (NH₄)HS | any | |||||
| Ammonium hydroxide | NH₃ + H₂O | 30 % | |||||
| Ammonium hydroxide | NH₃ + H₂O | 5 % | |||||
| Ammonium hydroxide | NH₃ + H₂O | ||||||
| Ammonium metaphosphate | (NH₄PO₃)n | ||||||
| Ammonium molybdate | (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄ | ||||||
| Ammonium monophosphate, monobasic | (NH₄)H₂PO₄ | any | |||||
| Ammonium nitrate | (NH₄)NO₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Ammonium nitrate | (NH₄)NO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium nitrite | (NH₄)NO₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Ammonium oxalate | C₂H₈N₂O₄ | ||||||
| Ammonium peroxodisulfate | (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium peroxodisulfate | (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ | wässrig | |||||
| Ammonium persulfate | (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium phosphate, primary | (NH₄)H₂PO₄ | any | |||||
| Ammonium polyphosphate | (NH₄PO₃)n | ||||||
| Ammonium thiocyanate | CH₄N₂S | ||||||
| Ammoniumsulfat schwefelsaures Ammoniak | (NH₄)₂SO₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Ammoniumsulfat schwefelsaures Ammoniak | (NH₄)₂SO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Ammonium sulfide | (NH₄)₂S | any | |||||
| Ammonium sulfide | (NH₄)₂S | wässrig | |||||
| Ammonium thiocyanate | CH₄N₂S | ||||||
| Ammonium thiocyanate | CH₄N₂S | ||||||
| Ammonium nitrate | (NH₄)NO₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Amylacetat, n- | C₇H₁₁O₂ | ||||||
| Amylalkohol, n- | C₅H₁₂O | ||||||
| Amylchlorid | C₅H₁₁Cl | ||||||
| Amylhydrosulfid | C₅H₁₂ | ||||||
| Amylmercaptan | C₅H₁₂ | ||||||
| Amylzimtaldehyd Riechstoff | C₁₄H₁₈O | ||||||
| Pineapple juice | — | ||||||
| Anilin | C₆H₇N | ||||||
| Anilinchlorhydrat | C₆H₃ClN₆ | sat. | |||||
| Anilinhydrochlorid | C₆H₃ClN₆ | sat. | |||||
| Aniliniumchlorid | C₆H₃ClN₆ | sat. | |||||
| Anis | — | ||||||
| Anisol | C₇H₈O | 100 % | |||||
| Anise oil | — | ||||||
| Anon | C₆H₁₀O | tech. pure | |||||
| Antimony(III) chloride | SbCl₃ | 90 % | |||||
| Antimony(V) chloride | SbCl₅ | ||||||
| Antimonpentachlorid | SbCl₅ | ||||||
| Antimontrichlorid | SbCl₃ | 90 % | |||||
| Antimontrichlorid | SbCl₃ | wasserfrei | |||||
| Antimontrichlorid | SbCl₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Apple juice | — | ||||||
| Orange juice | — | ||||||
| Apfelsinenschalenöl hauptsächlich +-Limonen | — | ||||||
| Arcton 12 | CCl₂F₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Arcton 21 | CHCl₂F | 100 % | |||||
| Arcton 22 | CHClF₂ | ||||||
| Arsenanhydrid | As₂O₅ | ||||||
| Arsenpentoxid | As₂O₅ | ||||||
| Arsenic acid | H₃AsO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Arsenic acid | H₃AsO₄ | 80 % | |||||
| Arsenic acid anhydride | As₂O₅ | ||||||
| Ascorbic acid | C₆H₈O₆ | wässrig | |||||
| Ether | C₂H₆O | Gas | |||||
| Atropinsulfat | C₃₄H₄₈N₂SO₁₀-H₂O ₀₀₀₀₅₅-₄₈-₁ | ||||||
| Caustic baryta (Barium hydroxide) | Ba(HO)2 | sat. | |||||
| Caustic potash (Potassium hydroxide) | KOH | 10 % | |||||
| Quicklime (Calcium oxide) | CaO | Pulver | |||||
| Caustic soda (Sodium hydroxide) | NaOH | konz. | |||||
| Azafluoren, 9- | C₁₂H₉N | ||||||
| Valerian drops | — | ||||||
| Barium bromide | BaBr₂ | ||||||
| Bariumcarbonat wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | BaCO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Barium chloride | BaCl₂ | sat. | |||||
| Barium chloride | BaCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Barium hydroxide | Ba(HO)2 | sat. | |||||
| Barium hydroxide | Ba(HO)2 | wässrig | |||||
| Barium sulfide | BaS | sat. | |||||
| Cottonseed oil | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Benzaldehyd künstl. Mandelöl | C₇H₆O | ||||||
| Benzen | C₆H₆ | ||||||
| Benzin Kraftstoff, unverbleit | C₅H₁₂ - C₁₂H₂₆ | ||||||
| Benzoic acid | C₇H₆O₂ | sat. | |||||
| Benzoic acid | C₇H₆O₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Benzoic acid sodium salt | C₇H₅NaO₂ | 36 % | |||||
| Benzaldehyde | C₇H₆O | ||||||
| Benzyl benzoate | C₁₄H₁₂O₂ | ||||||
| Benzoyl chloride | C₇H₅ClO | 100 % | |||||
| Ethyl benzoate | C₉H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Benzol | C₆H₆ | ||||||
| Benzol-1,2-dicarbonsäure | C₈H₆O₄ | sat. | |||||
| Benzenecarboxylic acid | C₇H₆O₂ | sat. | |||||
| Benzolhexachlorid (BHC) | C₆H₆Cl₆ | ||||||
| Benzenesulfonic acid | C₆H₆SO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Benzoylchlorid | C₇H₅ClO | 100 % | |||||
| Benzylacetat | C₉H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Benzylalkohol | C₇H₈O | ||||||
| Benzylbenzoat | C₁₄H₁₂O₂ | ||||||
| Benzylcarbinol | C₈H₁₀O | ||||||
| Benzylchlorid | C₇H₇Cl | 100 % | |||||
| Benzylether | C₁₄H₁₄O | ||||||
| Succinic acid | C₄H₆O₄ | 50 % | |||||
| Succinic acid | C₄H₆O₄ | sat. | |||||
| Diethyl succinate | C₈H₁₄O₄ | ||||||
| Bichromate-sulfuric acid | CrO₃ + H₂SO₄ | konz. | |||||
| Beeswax | — | ||||||
| Beer | — | ||||||
| Bis(2-Chlor-1-methylethyl)ether | C₆H₁₂Cl₂O | ||||||
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-adipat | C₂₂H₄₂O₄ | ||||||
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalat | C₂₄H₃₈O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-sebacat | C₂₆H₅₀O₄ | ||||||
| Bismutchlorid früher: Wismutchlorid | BiCl₃ | ||||||
| Bismutsubnitrat früher: Wismutsubnitrat | Bi₅O(HO)₉(NO₃)₄ | ||||||
| Bisulfite | NaHSO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Bisulfite liquor | NaHSO₃ | ||||||
| Bisulfite liquor, SO₂-containing | NaHSO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Bittermandelöl Hauptbestandteil: Benzaldehyd | C₇H₆O | ||||||
| Epsom salt | MgSO₄ | any | |||||
| Bitumen | — | ||||||
| Hydrocyanic acid | HCN | tech. pure | |||||
| Hydrocyanic acid | HCN | wässrig | |||||
| Lead(II) acetate | C₄H₆PbO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Lead(II) acetate | C₄H₆PbO₄ | ||||||
| Lead(II) nitrate | Pb(NO₃)₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Lead(II) nitrate | Pb(NO₃)₂ | ||||||
| Lead nitrate | Pb(NO₃)₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Bleistearat wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | C₃₆H₇₀PbO₄ | ||||||
| Bleisulfat wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | PbSO₄ | ||||||
| Tetraethyl lead | C₈H₂₀Pb | tech. pure | |||||
| Lead acetate (Sugar of lead) | C₄H₆PbO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium ferrocyanide | C₆FeK₄N₆ x ₃H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Potassium ferricyanide | C₆FeK₃N₆ | any | |||||
| Borax | Na₂B₄O₇ x ₁₀ H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Boric acid | H₃BO₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Boric acid | H₃BO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Spirits (distilled) | C₂H₆O | ||||||
| Brake fluid | — | ||||||
| Brom | Br₂ | ||||||
| Brombenzen | C₆H₅Br | ||||||
| Brombenzol | C₆H₅Br | ||||||
| Bromchlormethan | CH₂BrCl | 100 % | |||||
| Bromine vapors | Br₂ | ||||||
| Potassium bromide | KBr | any | |||||
| Brommethan | CH₃Br | tech. pure | |||||
| Bromoform | CHBr₃ | ||||||
| Brompentafluorid | BrF₅ | ||||||
| Bromic acid | HBrO₃ | konz. | |||||
| Bromtrifluorid | BrF₃ | ||||||
| Bromtrifluormethan | CBrF₃ | ||||||
| Bromine water | Br₂+H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Hydrobromic acid | HBr | 40 % | |||||
| Hydrobromic acid | HBr | 50 % | |||||
| Hydrobromic acid | HBr | verdünnt | |||||
| Butadien, 1,3- | C₄H₆ | ||||||
| Butan | C₄H₁₀ | tech. pure | |||||
| Butanal | C₄H₈O | ||||||
| Butandiol | C₄H₁₀O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Butandisäure | C₄H₆O₄ | 50 % | |||||
| Butanol | C₄H₁₀O | tech. pure | |||||
| Butanol, sek- | C₄H₁₀O | ||||||
| Butanol, tert- | C₄H₁₀O | ||||||
| Butanol-2 | C₄H₁₀O | ||||||
| Butanon | C₄H₈O | ||||||
| Butansäure | — | ||||||
| Butantriol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₄H₁₀O₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Buten Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₄H₈ | tech. pure | |||||
| Butenal, trans-2- | C₄H₆O | tech. pure | |||||
| Butendisäure, cis- | C₄H₄O₄ | sat. | |||||
| Butoxyethanol, 2- | C₄H₁₄O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Butter | — | ||||||
| Butyric acid | C₄H₈O₂ | ||||||
| Ethyl butyrate | C₆H₁₂O₂ | ||||||
| Butylacetat | C₂H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Butylacrylat | C₇H₁₂O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Butylalkohol | C₄H₁₀O | tech. pure | |||||
| Butylalkohol, sekundär | C₄H₁₀O | ||||||
| Butylalkohol, tertiär | C₄H₁₀O | ||||||
| Butylamin | C₄H₁₁N | ||||||
| Butylcarbinol | C₅H₁₂O | ||||||
| Butylcellosolve | C₄H₁₄O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Butylen | C₄H₈ | tech. pure | |||||
| Butylenglycol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₄H₁₀O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Butylether | C₈H₁₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Butylethylen | C₆H₁₂ | ||||||
| Butylglycol | C₄H₁₄O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Butylphenol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₁₀H₁₄O | 100 % | |||||
| Butylphenol, p-tertiär | C₁₁H₁₅NO | tech. pure | |||||
| Butylstearat | C₂₂H₄₄O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Butyraldehyd | C₄H₈O | ||||||
| Cadmium bromide | CdBr | ||||||
| Calcium acetate | C₄H₆CaO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Calcium bicarbonate | Ca(HCO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Calcium bisulfite | Ca(HSO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Calcium bisulfite | Ca(HSO₃)₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Calcium bromide | CaBr₂ | ||||||
| Calciumcarbid Carbid, reagiert mit Wasser zu Acetylen - hochentzündlich! | CaC₂ | ||||||
| Calciumcarbonat wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | CaCO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Calcium chlorate | Ca(ClO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Calcium chloride | CaCl₂ | alkoholisch | |||||
| Calcium chloride | CaCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Calcium hydroxide | CaH₂O₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Calcium hydrogen carbonate | Ca(HCO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Calcium hydrogen sulfite | Ca(HSO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Calcium hydroxide | CaH₂O₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Calcium hydroxide | CaH₂O₂ | konz. | |||||
| Calciumhypochlorit Bleichpulver | Ca(OCl)2 | sat. | |||||
| Calciumhypochlorit Bleichpulver | Ca(OCl)2 | wässrig | |||||
| Calcium nitrate | Ca(NO₃)₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Calcium nitrate | Ca(NO₃)₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Calcium oxide | CaO | Pulver | |||||
| Calciumphosphat wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | Ca₃(PO₄)₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Calciumphosphat wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | Ca₃(PO₄)₂ | ||||||
| Calciumsulfat Gips | CaSO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Calcium sulfide | CaS | wässrig | |||||
| Calcium sulfide | CaS | ||||||
| Campher | C₁₀H₁₆O | ||||||
| Campheröl aus Cinnamomum Camphora | — | ||||||
| Camphogen | C₁₀H₁₄ | ||||||
| Capronaldehyd | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Carbazol | C₁₂H₉N | ||||||
| Carbinol | — | ||||||
| Carbolineum | — | wässrig | |||||
| Carbolic acid (Phenol) | C₁₀H₁₄O | 100 % | |||||
| Carbondisulfid | CS₂ | ||||||
| Carbonylchlorid | COCl₂ | flüssig | |||||
| Carnauba wax | — | ||||||
| Cesium bromide | CsBr | ||||||
| Cellosolve | C₄H₁₀O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Cellosolveacetat | C₂H₄ | ||||||
| Cetylalkohol | C₁₆H₃₄O | 100 % | |||||
| Palmitic acid | C₁₆H₃₂O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Chinin | C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂ | ||||||
| Chlorine | Cl₂ | 10 % nass | |||||
| Chlorine | Cl₂ | 97 % | |||||
| Chlorosulfuric acid | ClHSO₃ | tech. pure | |||||
| Chlor-1-propen, 3- | C₃H₅Cl | 100 % | |||||
| Chlor-2-propanon, 1- | C₃H₅ClO | ||||||
| Chloraceton | C₃H₅ClO | ||||||
| Chloracetophenon, p- | C₈H₇ClO | ||||||
| Chloral | C₂HCl₃O | 100 % | |||||
| Chloralhydrat | C₂H₃Cl₃O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Chloramin T Schwimmbad-Desinfektion | C₇H₇ClNaNSO₂ | verdünnt | |||||
| Chlorbenzen | C₆H₅Cl | ||||||
| Chlorbenzol wasserfrei! Wenn durch Feuchtigkeit auch nur Spuren von Salzsäure (HCI) abgespaltet werden, besteht die Gefahr von Lochfraß, Spalt- und Spannungsrisskorrosion. | C₆H₅Cl | ||||||
| Sodium hypochlorite | NaClO | verdünnt | |||||
| Chlorbrommethan | CH₂BrCl | 100 % | |||||
| Chlorbutadien | C₄H₅Cl | ||||||
| Chlorcalcium | CaCl₂ | alkoholisch | |||||
| Chlordifluormethan | CHClF₂ | ||||||
| Chlordioxid | ClO₂ | ||||||
| Chlordodecan | C₁₂H₂₅Cl | 100 % | |||||
| Chloroacetic acid | C₂H₃ClO₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Chloroacetic acid | C₂H₃ClO₂ | ||||||
| Ethyl chloroacetate | C₄H₇ClO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Methyl chloroacetate | C₃H₅ClO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Chlorethan wasserfrei! Wenn durch Feuchtigkeit auch nur Spuren von Salzsäure (HCI) abgespaltet werden, besteht die Gefahr von Lochfraß, Spalt- und Spannungsrisskorrosion. | C₂H₅Cl | ||||||
| Chlorethanol | C₂H₅ClO | tech. pure | |||||
| Chlorethylalkohol, 2- | C₂H₅ClO | tech. pure | |||||
| Chlorethylen | C₂H₃Cl | tech. pure | |||||
| Chlorfluormethan | CH₂ClF | ||||||
| Chlorine gas | Cl₂ | ||||||
| Potassium chloride | KCl | wässrig | |||||
| Chlorkalk "Bleichkalk", engl.: chloride of lime, bleach | [3 x CaCl(OCl) + Ca(—OH) | wässrig | |||||
| Chlorkalk "Bleichkalk", engl.: chloride of lime, bleach | [3 x CaCl(OCl) + Ca(—OH) | ||||||
| Chlormethan wasserfrei! Wenn durch Feuchtigkeit auch nur Spuren von Salzsäure (HCI) abgespaltet werden, besteht die Gefahr von Lochfraß, Spalt- und Spannungsrisskorrosion. | CH₃Cl | tech. pure | |||||
| Chlormethyl | CH₂BrCl | 100 % | |||||
| Chlormethylbenzol | C₇H₇Cl | 100 % | |||||
| Chlormethyloxiran | C₃H₅ClO | 100 % | |||||
| Chlornaphthalin, 1- | C₁₀H₇Cl | ||||||
| Nickel chloride | NiCl₂ | sat. | |||||
| Chloroform wasserfrei! Wenn durch Feuchtigkeit auch nur Spuren von Salzsäure (HCI) abgespaltet werden, besteht die Gefahr von Lochfraß, Spalt- und Spannungsrisskorrosion. | CHCl₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Chloropren | C₄H₅Cl | ||||||
| Chlorpentafluorethan | C₂ClF₅ | ||||||
| Chlorpentan, 1- | C₅H₁₁Cl | ||||||
| Chlorphenylmethylketon, 4- | C₈H₇ClO | ||||||
| Chlorpropan, 2- | C₃H₇Cl | ||||||
| Chlorpropylen, 3- | C₃H₅Cl | 100 % | |||||
| Chloric acid | HClO₃ | 1 % | |||||
| Chloric acid | HClO₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Chloric acid | HClO₃ | 20 % | |||||
| Chlorosulfonic acid | ClHSO₃ | tech. pure | |||||
| Chlortoluol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₇H₇Cl | ||||||
| Chlortoluol, alpha- | C₇H₇Cl | 100 % | |||||
| Chlortrifluorid | ClF₃ | ||||||
| Chlortrifluormethan | CClF₃ | ||||||
| Chlorine water | Cl₂ x H₂O | ||||||
| Hydrogen chloride (gas) | HCl | wasserfrei | |||||
| Hydrogen chloride gas | HCl | wasserfrei | |||||
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | 1-5 % | |||||
| Zinc chloride | ZnCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate | KCr(SO₄)₂ x ₁₂H₂O ₀₀₇₇₈₈-₉₉-₀ | sat. | |||||
| Chromium(VI) oxide | CrO₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Chrome alum | KCr(SO₄)₂ x ₁₂H₂O ₀₀₇₇₈₈-₉₉-₀ | sat. | |||||
| Chromium salts | — | any | |||||
| Chromic acid | CrO₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Chromic acid | CrO₃ | 20 % | |||||
| Chromic acid | CrO₃ | 50 % | |||||
| Chromic acid potassium salt | K₂CrO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Chromic-sulfuric acid | CrO₃ + H₂SO₄ | konz. | |||||
| Chromtrioxid | CrO₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Citric acid | C₆H₈O₇ | 10 % | |||||
| Tributyl citrate | C₁₈H₃₂O₇ | ||||||
| Clophen A60 polychlorierte Biphenyle, PCB; Bayer | — | ||||||
| Cobalt-(II)-chlorid | CoCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Cobaltdichlorid | CoCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Colamin | C₄H₁₁NO₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Crotonaldehyd | C₄H₆O | tech. pure | |||||
| Cumen | C₉H₁₂ | ||||||
| Cumol | C₉H₁₂ | ||||||
| Curry ggf. Verfärbung | — | ||||||
| Cyanessigsäureethylester | C₅H₇NO₂ | ||||||
| Cyankali | KCN | sat. | |||||
| Potassium cyanide | KCN | sat. | |||||
| Sodium cyanide | CNNa | sat. | |||||
| Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) | HCN | tech. pure | |||||
| Cyclanon polyquaternäre Verbindungen, Färbereihilfsmittel; BASF | — | ||||||
| Cyclohexan | C₆H₁₂ | ||||||
| Cyclohexanol | C₆H₁₂O | tech. pure | |||||
| Cyclohexanon | C₆H₁₀O | tech. pure | |||||
| Cyclohexylmethan | C₇H₁₄ | ||||||
| Cymol, p- | C₁₀H₁₄ | ||||||
| Steam | H₂O | bis 150°C | |||||
| DDT (Emulsion) | C₁₄H₉Cl₅ | ||||||
| Decahydronaphthalin | C₁₀H₁₈ | ||||||
| Decalin | C₁₀H₁₈ | ||||||
| Decan | C₁₀H₂₂ | ||||||
| Dibenzyl decanedioate | C₂₄H₂₆O₄ | ||||||
| Dibutyl decanedioate | C₁₈H₃₄O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Diethyl decanedioate | C₁₄H₂₆O₄ | ||||||
| Dehydracetsäure | C₈H₈O₄ | ||||||
| Densodrin W Hydrophobierungsmittel für Leder, Siliconderivat; BASF | — | wässrig | |||||
| Desmodur 44 | C₁₅H₁₀N₂O₂ | ||||||
| Dextrin | (C₆H₁₀O₅)n x H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Dextrose | C₆H₁₂O₆ | any | |||||
| Diacetonalkohol | C₆H₁₂O₂ | ||||||
| Diamid | N₂H₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Diaminoethan | C₂H₈N₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Diazan | N₂H₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Dibenzylether | C₁₄H₁₄O | ||||||
| Dibenzylsebacat Weichmacher | C₂₄H₂₆O₄ | ||||||
| Dibromethan-1,2 | C₂H₄Br₂ | ||||||
| Dibromtetrafluormethan | C₂Br₂F₄ | ||||||
| Dibutylamin | C₈H₁₉N | ||||||
| Dibutylether | C₈H₁₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Dibutylphthalat | C₁₆H₂₂O₄ | FR, 80°C | |||||
| Dibutylphthalat | C₁₆H₂₂O₄ | ||||||
| Dibutylsebacat Weichmacher | C₁₈H₃₄O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Dichlorbenzen, 1,2- | C₆H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorbenzen, 1,4- | C₆H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorbenzol, 1,2- | C₆H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorbenzol, 1,4- | C₆H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorbenzol, o- | C₆H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorbenzol, p- | C₆H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlordifluormethan | CCl₂F₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Dichlordifluormethan | CCl₂F₂ | ||||||
| Dichlordiphenyltrichlorethan | C₁₄H₉Cl₅ | ||||||
| Dichloroacetic acid | C₂H₂Cl₂O₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Dichloroacetic acid | C₂H₂Cl₂O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Methyl dichloroacetate | C₃H₄Cl₂O₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorethan, 1,2- | C₂H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorethen, 1,1- | C₂H₂Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorethylen Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₂H₂Cl₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Dichlorethylen, 1,1- | C₂H₂Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorfluormethan | CHCl₂F | 100 % | |||||
| Dichlor-hexafluorcyclobutan | C₄Cl₂F₆ | ||||||
| Dichlorisopropylether Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₆H₁₂Cl₂O | ||||||
| Dichlormethan wasserfrei! Wenn durch Feuchtigkeit auch nur Spuren von Salzsäure (HCI) abgespaltet werden, besteht die Gefahr von Lochfraß, Spalt- und Spannungsrisskorrosion. | CH₂Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dichlorpropan Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₃H₆Cl₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Dichlortetrafluorethan | C₂Cl₂F₄ | ||||||
| Dicyclohexylamin (DCHA) | C₁₂H₂₃N | ||||||
| Dicyclohexylphthalat Weichmacher | C₂₀H₂₆O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Diesel fuel | — | ||||||
| Diesel oil | — | 100 % | |||||
| Diethanolamin (DEA) | C₄H₁₁NO₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Diethylamin | C₄H₁₁N | tech. pure | |||||
| Diethylbenzol | C₁₀H₁₄ | ||||||
| Diethylenglycol | C₄H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Diethylenglycolether | — | ||||||
| Diethylether | C₂H₆O | Gas | |||||
| Diethylketon | C₅H₁₀O | ||||||
| Diethylmalonat | C₇H₁₂O₄ | ||||||
| Diethylmethan | C₆H₁₂ | ||||||
| Diethylsebacat Weichmacher | C₁₄H₂₆O₄ | ||||||
| Diethylsuccinat | C₈H₁₄O₄ | ||||||
| Difluorchlorethan | C₂H₃ClF₂ | ||||||
| Difluorethan | C₂H₂F₂ | ||||||
| Difluormethan | CH₂F₂ | ||||||
| Difluortetrachlorethan | C₂Cl₄F₂ | ||||||
| Diglycol | C₄H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Diglycolic acid | C₄H₆O₅ | wässrig | |||||
| Diglycolic acid | C₄H₆O₅ | 30 % | |||||
| Dihexylphthalat | C₂₀H₂₆O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Dihydroxybenzol, 1,3- | C₆H₆O₂ | 5 % | |||||
| Dihydroxybenzol, 1,4- | C₆H₆O₂ | sat. | |||||
| Dihydroxybernsteinsäure | C₄H₆O₆ | wässrig | |||||
| Dihydroxydiethylamin | C₄H₁₁NO₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Diisobutylen (DIB) | C₆H₁₀ | ||||||
| Diisobutylketon | C₉H₁₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Diisooctylphthalat (DOP) Weichmacher | C₂₄H₃₈O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Diisopropylether | C₆H₁₂Cl₂O | ||||||
| Diisopropylketon | C₇H₁₄O | ||||||
| Dimethylamin | C₂H₇N | tech. pure | |||||
| Dimethylanilin Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₈H₁₁N | ||||||
| Dimethylbenzol | C₈H₁₀ | ||||||
| Dimethylcarbinol | C₃H₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Dimethylether | C₂H₆O | Gas | |||||
| Dimethylformamid (DMF) | C₃H₇NO | ||||||
| Dimethylketon | C₃H₆O | ||||||
| Dimethylpentanon-3, 2,4- | C₇H₁₄O | ||||||
| Dimethylphthalat (DMP) | C₁₀H₁₀O₄ | 100 % | |||||
| Dimethylpropan | C₆H₁₂ | ||||||
| Dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO) | C₂H₆SO | ||||||
| Disodium hydrogen phosphate | Na₂HPO₄ | ||||||
| Disodium phosphate | Na₂HPO₄ | ||||||
| Disodium sulfate | Na₂SO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Dinonylphthalat (DNP) Weichmacher | C₂₆H₄₂O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Dioctyladipat Weichmacher | C₂₂H₄₂O₄ | ||||||
| Dioctylphthalat | C₂₄H₃₈O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Dioctylsebacat Weichmacher | C₂₆H₅₀O₄ | ||||||
| Dioxan | C₄H₈O₂ | ||||||
| Dioxan, 1,4- | C₄H₈O₂ | ||||||
| Dipenten | C₁₀H₁₆ | ||||||
| Dipentylphthalat | C₁₈H₂₆O₄ | 100 % | |||||
| Diphenylamin | C₁₂H₁₁N | ||||||
| Diphenylenimin | C₁₂H₉N | ||||||
| Diphenylether | C₁₂H₁₀O | ||||||
| Diphenylmethandiisocyanat (MDI) | C₁₅H₁₀N₂O₂ | ||||||
| Diphenyloxid | C₁₂H₁₀O | ||||||
| Diphosphorpentoxid | P₄O₁₀ | tech. pure | |||||
| Diphyl Gemisch aus Diphenyl und Diphenylether; Bayer | — | ||||||
| Dipropylenglycol | C₆H₁₄O₃ | ||||||
| Dipropylketon | C₇H₁₄O | ||||||
| Dipropylmethan, n- | C₇H₁₆ | ||||||
| Disulfur dichloride | S₂Cl₂ | ||||||
| Dinitrogen tetroxide | N₂O₄ | ||||||
| Disulfite | Na₂S₂O₅ | any | |||||
| Divinylensulfid | C₂H₄S | ||||||
| Dodecanol | C₁₂H₂₆O | 100 % | |||||
| Dodecylalkohol | C₁₂H₂₆O | 100 % | |||||
| Dodecylchlorid | C₁₂H₂₅Cl | 100 % | |||||
| Dolcymen | C₁₀H₁₄ | ||||||
| Eau de Labarraque (Sodium hypochlorite solution) | NaClO | verdünnt | |||||
| Edetic acid (EDTA) | C₂H₄ | ||||||
| Iron(II) ammonium sulfate | (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂ | ||||||
| Iron(II) chloride | FeCl₂ | sat. | |||||
| Iron(II) sulfate | FeSO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Iron(II) sulfate | FeSO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Iron(II) sulfate | FeSO₄ | ||||||
| Iron(III) chloride | FeCl₃ | sat. | |||||
| Iron(III) nitrate | Fe(NO₃)₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Iron(III) sulfate | Fe₂(SO₄)₃ | sat. | |||||
| Iron alum | (NH₄)Fe(SO₄)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Iron ammonium alum | (NH₄)Fe(SO₄)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Iron nitrate | Fe(NO₃)₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Iron nitrate | Fe(NO₃)₃ | sat. | |||||
| Iron vitriol (Ferrous sulfate) | FeSO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Glacial acetic acid | C₂H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Elemi oil | C₁₆H₂₂O₄ | FR, 80°C | |||||
| Emulsifiers | — | ||||||
| Developer solutions | — | ||||||
| Ephetin | — | 10% in Wass?er | |||||
| Epichlorhydrin | C₃H₅ClO | 100 % | |||||
| Epoxypropan | C₃H₆O | ||||||
| Epsom salt | MgSO₄ | any | |||||
| Erdgas hauptsächlich Methan | — | ||||||
| Peanut oil | — | ||||||
| Erdöl Kerosin, Lampenöl | — | ||||||
| Vinegar | C₂H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Ethyl acetate | C₄H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Acetic acid | C₂H₄O₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Acetic acid | C₂H₄O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Acetic acid | C₂H₄O₂ | 90% | |||||
| Acetic acid | C₂H₄O₂ | 10 % | |||||
| Acetic acid | C₂H₄O₂ | 5 % | |||||
| Acetic acid silver salt | C₂H₃AgO₂ | ||||||
| Aluminum acetate solution | C₄H₇AlO₅ x H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Allyl acetate | C₅H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Acetamide | C₂H₅NO | sat. | |||||
| Acetic anhydride | C₄H₆O₃ | tech. pure | |||||
| Benzyl acetate | C₉H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Butyl acetate | C₆H₁₂O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Acetyl chloride | C₂H₃ClO | 100 % | |||||
| Ethyl acetate | C₄H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Isobutyl acetate | C₆H₁₂O₂ | ||||||
| Isopropyl acetate | C₅H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Methyl acetate | C₃H₆O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| n-Amyl acetate | C₇H₁₁O₂ | ||||||
| Amyl acetate | C₇H₁₁O₂ | ||||||
| Propyl acetate | C₅H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Vinyl acetate | C₄H₆O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Ethanal | C₂H₄O | 40 % | |||||
| Ethancarbonsäure | C₃H₆O₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Ethandiamin | C₂H₈N₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Ethandicarbonsäure | C₄H₆O₄ | 50 % | |||||
| Ethandiol | C₄H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Ethandisäure | C₂H₂O₄ x ₂H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Ethanol | C₂H₆O | 40 % | |||||
| Ethanol | C₂H₆O | 50 % | |||||
| Ethanol | C₂H₆O | 96 % | |||||
| Ethanolamin | C₂H₇NO | ||||||
| Ethanoic acid | C₂H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Ethanthiol | C₂H₆S | ||||||
| Ethen | C₂H₃Cl | tech. pure | |||||
| Ether | C₂H₆O | Gas | |||||
| Ethin | C₂H₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethinylcarbiol | C₃H₄O | 7 % | |||||
| Ethoxyacetanilid, 4- | C₁₀H₁₃NO₂ | ||||||
| Ethoxyethanol | C₄H₁₀O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethoxyethylacetat, 2- | C₂H₄ | ||||||
| Ethyl(hydroxymethyl)-propandiol | C₆H₁₄O₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Ethylacetat | C₄H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethylacrylat | C₅H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethylalkohol | C₂H₅ClO | tech. pure | |||||
| Ethylbenzen | C₁₀H₁₄ | ||||||
| Ethylbenzoat | C₉H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Ethylbenzol | C₈H₁₀ | ||||||
| Ethylbutyrat | C₆H₁₂O₂ | ||||||
| Ethylcarbinol | C₃H₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Ethyl-Cellosolve | C₄H₁₀O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethylchloracetat | C₄H₇ClO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Ethylchlorid | C₂H₅Cl | ||||||
| Ethylcyanacetat | C₅H₇NO₂ | ||||||
| Ethylen | C₂H₄ | ||||||
| Ethylen(di)bromid | C₂H₄Br₂ | ||||||
| Ethylen(di)chlorid | C₂H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Ethylenchlorhydrin | C₂H₅ClO | tech. pure | |||||
| Ethylenchlorid Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₂H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Ethylendiamin | C₂H₈N₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) | C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₈ | ||||||
| Ethylendichlorid | C₂H₄Cl₂ | ||||||
| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | C₂H₄ | ||||||
| Ethylenglycol | C₂H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Ethylenglycolethylether | C₄H₁₀O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethylenglycolmonobutylether | C₄H₁₄O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethylenglycolmonoethylether | C₄H₁₀O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethylenglycolmonoethyletheracetat | C₆H₁₂O₃ | ||||||
| Ethylenglycolmonomethylether | C₃H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethylenoxid | C₂H₄O | ||||||
| Ethylentetrachlorid | C₂Cl₄ | ||||||
| Ethylentrichlorid | C₂HCl₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethylethanamin, N- | C₄H₁₁N | tech. pure | |||||
| Ethylether | C₄H₁₀O | tech. pure | |||||
| Ethylformiat | C₃H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Ethylglycol | C₄H₁₀O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ethylglycolacetat | C₂H₄ | ||||||
| Ethylhexanol-1 | C₈H₁₈O | ||||||
| Ethyllactat | C₅H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Ethylmalonat | C₇H₁₂O₄ | ||||||
| Ethylmercaptan | C₂H₆S | ||||||
| Ethylmethylketon | C₄H₈O | ||||||
| Ethylsilicat | C₈H₂₀SiO₄ | ||||||
| Eucalyptus oil | — | ||||||
| Desiccator grease | — | ||||||
| Ferrichlorid | FeCl₃ | sat. | |||||
| Ferricyankalium | C₆FeK₃N₆ | any | |||||
| Ferrochlorid | FeCl₂ | sat. | |||||
| Ferrocyankalium | C₆FeK₄N₆ x ₃H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Ferrocyankalium | C₆FeK₄N₆ x ₃H₂O | verdünnt | |||||
| Grease, mineral | — | ||||||
| Fat, vegetable | — | ||||||
| Fat, animal | — | ||||||
| Fettalkoholsulfonate Fettalkoholsulfate, Netzmittel/Tenside | — | wässrig | |||||
| Fats, cooking oils | — | ||||||
| Fatty acid C16 | C₁₆H₃₂O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Fichtennadelöl Pinus sylvestris | — | ||||||
| Fish oil | — | ||||||
| Fixer salt (Sodium thiosulfate) | Na₂S₂O₃ x ₅H₂O | any | |||||
| Aviation fuels (JP) | — | ||||||
| Fluid 101, 100°C Bremsflüssigkeit, Basis Polyglykole | — | ||||||
| Fluorine | F₂ | ||||||
| Ammonium fluoride | (NH₄)F | sat. | |||||
| Fluorbenzol | C₆H₅F | ||||||
| Fluorchloralkane (FCKW) Beständigkeit je nach Typ unterschiedlich | — | ||||||
| Fluorides | — | ||||||
| Potassium fluoride | KF | ||||||
| Fluorosilicic acid | H₂SiF₆ | 32 % | |||||
| Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe (FKW) Beständigkeit je nach Typ unterschiedlich | — | ||||||
| Fluorosilicic acid | H₂SiF₆ | 32 % | |||||
| Fluortrichlormethan | CCl₃F | ||||||
| Fluorwasserstoff Flusssäure, wasserfrei | HF | wasserfrei | |||||
| Hydrogen fluoride solution | HF | 4 % | |||||
| Hydrofluoric acid | HF | 4 % | |||||
| Liquid soaps | — | ||||||
| Hydrofluoric acid | HF | 4 % | |||||
| Hydrofluoric acid | HF | 50 % | |||||
| Hydrofluoric acid | HF | 70 % | |||||
| Hydrofluoric acid | HF | 100 % | |||||
| Hydrofluoric acid, anhydrous | — | low | |||||
| Formaldehyde solution | CH₂O | 10 % | |||||
| Formaldehyde solution | CH₂O | 30 % | |||||
| Formaldehyde solution | CH₂O | 40 % | |||||
| Formalin | CH₂O | 10 % | |||||
| Formamid | CH₃NO | tech. pure | |||||
| Formin | C₆H₁₂N₄ | ||||||
| Formic acid | CH₂O₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Photo emulsions | — | ||||||
| Photo developer | — | ||||||
| Photo fixer baths | — | ||||||
| Freon 11 | CCl₃F | ||||||
| Freon 112 | C₂Cl₄F₂ | ||||||
| Freon 113 | C₂Cl₃F₃ | ||||||
| Freon 114 | C₂Cl₂F₄ | ||||||
| Freon 114 B2 | C₂Br₂F₄ | ||||||
| Freon 115 | C₂ClF₅ | ||||||
| Freon 12 | CCl₂F₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Freon 13 | CClF₃ | ||||||
| Freon 13 B1 | CBrF₃ | ||||||
| Freon 14 | C₂Br₂F₄ | ||||||
| Freon 142b | C₂H₃ClF₂ | ||||||
| Freon 152a | C₂H₂F₂ | ||||||
| Freon 21 | CHCl₂F | 100 % | |||||
| Freon 218 | C₃F₈ | ||||||
| Freon 22 | CHClF₂ | ||||||
| Freon 31 | CH₂ClF | ||||||
| Freon 32 | CHClF₂ | ||||||
| Freon C 318 | C₄F₈ | ||||||
| Freon C316 | C₄Cl₂F₆ | ||||||
| Frigen 12 | CCl₂F₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Frigen 21 | CHCl₂F | 100 % | |||||
| Frigen 22 | CHClF₂ | ||||||
| Frostschutzmittel (KFZ) Glykol-Wasser-Mischungen | — | ||||||
| Fruit juices | — | ||||||
| Fructose | C₆H₁₂O₆ | any | |||||
| Fructose | C₆H₁₂O₆ | any | |||||
| Furan | C₄H₄O | ||||||
| Furanal | C₅H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Furancarbinol, 2- | C₅H₆O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Furanmethanol, 2- | C₅H₆O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Furfural | C₅H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Furfuralkohol | C₅H₆O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Furfuran | C₄H₄O | ||||||
| Furfurol | C₅H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Furfurylalkohol | C₅H₆O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Furylaldehyd, 2- | C₅H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Furylmethanal, 2- | C₅H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Gallotannin | C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆ | 10 % | |||||
| Gallic acid | C₇H₆O₅ x H₂O | ||||||
| Fermentation amyl alcohol | C₅H₁₂O | ||||||
| Fermentation mash | — | ||||||
| Gas oil | — | ||||||
| Gasoline | — | ||||||
| Gas water | — | ||||||
| Gelatin | — | any | |||||
| Genantin Frostschutzmittel, Basis Glykol; Clariant | — | ||||||
| Tanning extracts, vegetable | — | techn. üblich? | |||||
| Tanning extracts | — | ||||||
| Tannic acid | C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆ | 10 % | |||||
| Gear oil, EP (hypoid), 110°C | — | ||||||
| Gypsum | CaSO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Glauber's salt | Na₂SO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Glucaric acid | — | sat. | |||||
| Glucose | C₆H₁₂O₆ | any | |||||
| Glucose syrup | — | ||||||
| Glycerin | C₃H₈O₃ | any | |||||
| Glycerintrinitrat | C₃H₅(NO₃)₃ | verdünnt | |||||
| Glycin | C₂H₅NO₂ | 10 % | |||||
| Glycol | C₄H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Glycoldinitrat | C₂H₄(NO₃)₂ | verdünnt | |||||
| Glycolic acid | C₂H₄O₃ | 37 % | |||||
| Glycolic acid | C₂H₄O₃ | 70 % | |||||
| Glykokoll | C₂H₅NO₂ | 10 % | |||||
| Glykolchlorhydrin | C₂H₅ClO | tech. pure | |||||
| Glysantin Frostschutzmittel, Basis Glykol; BASF | — | ||||||
| Glyzerintriacetat | C₉H₁₄O₆ | ||||||
| Grubengas hauptsächlich Methan | — | ||||||
| Uric acid | C₅H₄N₄O₃ | ||||||
| Harnstoff Urea, Carbamid u.a. | CH₄N₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Harnstoff Urea, Carbamid u.a. | CH₄N₂O | ||||||
| HD motor oil, aromatics-free | — | ||||||
| Yeast | — | any | |||||
| Heating oil | — | ||||||
| Helium | He | ||||||
| Hendecanol | C₁₁H₂₄O | ||||||
| Henkel-P3-Lösung Reinigungsmittel | — | ||||||
| Heptan, n- | C₇H₁₆ | ||||||
| Heptanol, 1- | C₇H₁₆O | ||||||
| Heptanon Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₇H₁₄O | ||||||
| Heptanon-4 | C₇H₁₄O | ||||||
| Heptylalkohol | C₇H₁₆O | ||||||
| Hexachlorbenzol (HCB) | C₆Cl₆ | ||||||
| Hexachlorbutadien (HCBD) | C₄Cl₆ | ||||||
| Hexachlorcyclohexan (HCH) | C₆H₆Cl₆ | ||||||
| Hexadecanol | C₁₆H₃₄O | 100 % | |||||
| Hexadecansäure | C₁₆H₃₂O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Hexadecylalkohol | C₁₆H₃₄O | 100 % | |||||
| Hexahydrobenzol | C₆H₁₂ | ||||||
| Hexahydrophenol | C₆H₁₂O | tech. pure | |||||
| Hexahydropyridin | C₅H₁₁N | ||||||
| Hexahydrotoluol | C₇H₁₄ | ||||||
| Hexaldehyd | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Hexamethylentetramin | C₆H₁₂N₄ | ||||||
| Hexamin | C₆H₁₂N₄ | ||||||
| Hexan, n- | C₆H₁₄ | ||||||
| Hexanal | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Hexandisäure | C₆H₁₀O₄ | sat. | |||||
| Hexanol, (1-) | C₆H₁₄O | ||||||
| Hexanon-2 | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Hexantriol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₆H₁₄O₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Hexen, 1- | C₆H₁₂ | ||||||
| Hexylaldehyd | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Hexylalkohol | C₆H₁₄O | ||||||
| Hexylen | C₆H₁₂ | ||||||
| Ammonium carbonate (Hartshorn salt) | (NH₄)₂CO₃ | 50 % | |||||
| Wood spirit (Methanol) | — | ||||||
| Tung oil | — | ||||||
| Wood tar oil | — | ||||||
| Honey | — | ||||||
| Hydrargillit | C₄H₇AlO₅ | wässrig | |||||
| Hydraulic fluids, HFA | — | 50°C | |||||
| Hydraulic fluids, HFB | — | 50°C | |||||
| Hydraulic fluids, HFC | — | 60°C | |||||
| Hydraulic fluids, HFD-R | — | 100°C | |||||
| Hydraulic fluids, HFD-S | — | 100°C | |||||
| Hydraulic oils (mineral oil based) | — | ||||||
| Hydrazin | N₂H₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Hydrazinhydrat | N₂H₆O | wässrig | |||||
| Hydraziniumhydroxid | N₂H₆O | wässrig | |||||
| Hydrazinobenzol | C₆H₈N₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Hydrochinon | C₆H₆O₂ | sat. | |||||
| Hydrosulfit | Na₂S₂O₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanon, 4- | C₆H₁₂O₂ | ||||||
| Hydroxybenzaldehyd, 2- | C₇H₆O₂ | ||||||
| 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid | C₇H₆O₃ | sat. | |||||
| Hydroxybenzol | C₁₀H₁₄O | 100 % | |||||
| 2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid | C₇H₆O₃ | sat. | |||||
| Glycolic acid | C₂H₄O₃ | 37 % | |||||
| Hydroxylaminsulfat | H₈N₂SO₆ | 12 % | |||||
| Hydroxylammoniumsulfat | H₈N₂SO₆ | 12 % | |||||
| Hydroxylammoniumsulfat | H₈N₂SO₆ | any | |||||
| Hydroxymethoxybutan | C₅H₁₂O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Hydroxymethylfuran, 2- | C₅H₆O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Hydroxymethylfurfural, 5- | C₆H₆O₃ | ||||||
| Hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran, 2- | C₅H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Hydroxypropan | C₃H₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Hydroxypropan, 2- | C₃H₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| 2-Hydroxypropionic acid (Lactic acid) | — | ||||||
| 2-Hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester | C₅H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Hydroxytoluol | C₇H₈O | ||||||
| Iminodiethanol | C₄H₁₁NO₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Ginger | — | ground | |||||
| Isoamylalkohol | C₅H₁₂O | ||||||
| Isobutanol | C₄H₁₀O | ||||||
| Isobutylacetat | C₆H₁₂O₂ | ||||||
| Isobutylalkohol | C₄H₁₀O | ||||||
| Isobutylketon | C₉H₁₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Isobutylmethylketon | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Isobutyltrimethylmethan | C₈H₁₈ | tech. pure | |||||
| Isooctan | C₈H₁₈ | tech. pure | |||||
| Isooctanol | C₈H₁₈O | ||||||
| Isooctylalkohol | C₈H₁₈O | ||||||
| Isopropanol | C₃H₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Isopropyl-4-methylbenzol, 1- | C₁₀H₁₄ | ||||||
| Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol, 2- | C₁₀H₂₀O | fest | |||||
| Isopropyl-5-methylphenol, 2- | C₁₀H₁₄O | ||||||
| Isopropylacetat | C₅H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Isopropylaceton | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Isopropylalkohol | C₃H₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Isopropylbenzen | C₉H₁₂ | ||||||
| Isopropylbenzol | C₉H₁₂ | ||||||
| Isopropylchlorid | C₃H₇Cl | ||||||
| Isopropylether | C₆H₁₄O | tech. pure | |||||
| Isopropylidenaceton | C₆H₁₀O | ||||||
| Isopropylmethylketon | C₅H₁₀O | ||||||
| Jasminaldehyde | C₁₄H₁₈O | ||||||
| Potassium iodide | KJ | sat. | |||||
| Jodoform wasserfrei! Wenn durch Feuchtigkeit auch nur Spuren von Salzsäure (HCI) abgespaltet werden, besteht die Gefahr von Lochfraß, Spalt- und Spannungsrisskorrosion. | CHJ₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Jodpentafluorid | JF₅ | ||||||
| Tincture of iodine | I₂ | ||||||
| Yogurt | — | ||||||
| Cocoa | — | ||||||
| Cocoa butter | — | ||||||
| Potassium alums | KAl(SO₄)₂ x ₁₂H₂O ₀₁₀₀₄₃-₆₇-₁ | verdünnt | |||||
| Potassium hydroxide | KOH | 10 % | |||||
| Potassium peroxodisulfate | K₂(SO₄)₂ | any | |||||
| Potassium nitrate (Saltpeter) | KNO₃ | 50 % | |||||
| Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) | C₆FeK₄N₆ x ₃H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) | C₆FeK₃N₆ | any | |||||
| Potassium acetate | C₂H₃KO₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium aluminum sulfate | KAl(SO₄)₂ x ₁₂H₂O ₀₁₀₀₄₃-₆₇-₁ | verdünnt | |||||
| Potassium aluminum sulfate | KAl(SO₄)₂ x ₁₂H₂O ₀₁₀₀₄₃-₆₇-₁ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium bicarbonate | CHKO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium bichromate | K₂Cr₂O₇ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium bisulfate | KHSO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium bitartrate | C₄H₅KO₆ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium borate | KBO₂ | 10 % | |||||
| Potassium borate | KBO₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium bromate | KBrO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium bromate | KBrO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium bromide | KBr | any | |||||
| Potassium carbonate | K₂CO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium carbonate | K₂CO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium chlorate | KClO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium chlorate | KClO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium chloride | KCl | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium chromate | K₂CrO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium chromate | K₂CrO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium cyanide | KCN | sat. | |||||
| Potassium cyanide | KCN | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium dichromate | K₂Cr₂O₇ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium dichromate | K₂Cr₂O₇ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium iron(II) cyanide | C₆FeK₄N₆ x ₃H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Potassium iron(III) cyanide | C₆FeK₃N₆ | any | |||||
| Potassium fluoride | KF | ||||||
| Potassium hydrogen carbonate | CHKO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium hydrogen sulfate | KHSO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium hydrogen sulfate | KHSO₄ | ||||||
| Potassium hydrogen tartrate | C₄H₅KO₆ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium hydroxide | KOH | 10 % | |||||
| Potassium hydroxide | KOH | 30 % | |||||
| Potassium hydroxide | KOH | 50 % | |||||
| Potassium hydroxide | KOH | konz. | |||||
| Potassium hydroxide | KOH | 1 % | |||||
| Kaliumhypochlorit Javellewasser, urspr. | KClO | verdünnt | |||||
| Potassium iodate | KJO₃ | ||||||
| Potassium iodide | KJ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium iodide | KJ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium nitrate | KNO₃ | 50 % | |||||
| Potassium nitrate | KNO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium perchlorate | KClO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium perchlorate | KClO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Kaliumpermanganat übermangansaures Kali | KMnO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Kaliumpermanganat übermangansaures Kali | KMnO₄ | ||||||
| Potassium persulfate | K₂(SO₄)₂ | any | |||||
| Potassium sulfate | K₂SO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Potassium sulfide | K₂S | verdünnt | |||||
| Potassium sulfite | K₂SO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Potassium thiosulfate | K₂S₂O₃ | sat. | |||||
| Quicklime (Burnt lime) | CaO | Pulver | |||||
| Slaked lime | CaH₂O₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Calcium nitrate | Ca(NO₃)₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Lime water | CaH₂O₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Cardamom | — | ||||||
| Kautschukdispersion Latex | — | ||||||
| Kerosin Lampenöl, Leichtpetroleum | — | ||||||
| Kiefernadelöl Pinus sylvestris | — | ||||||
| Fluorosilicic acid | H₂SiF₆ | 32 % | |||||
| Silicic acid | SiO₂ | any | |||||
| Tetraethyl orthosilicate | C₈H₂₀SiO₄ | ||||||
| Bone oil | — | ||||||
| Table salt (Sodium chloride) | NaCl | any | |||||
| Carbon disulfide | CS₂ | ||||||
| Carbon dioxide | CO₂ | sat. | |||||
| Carbon dioxide, moist | CO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Carbon dioxide, dry | CO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Carbonic acid | — | low | |||||
| Phosgene | COCl₂ | flüssig | |||||
| Carbon tetrabromide | CBr₄ | ||||||
| Carbon tetrachloride | CCl₄ | ||||||
| Coconut fat | — | ||||||
| Coconut fatty alcohol | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Coconut oil | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Königswasser Aqua regia = Salpeter- + Salzsäure | HNO₃ + HCl | ||||||
| Fuel + 20% ethanol | — | ||||||
| Fuel + 20% methanol | — | ||||||
| Fuel, regular | — | ||||||
| Fuel, premium | — | ||||||
| Kreide Calciumcarbonat | CaCO₃ | ||||||
| Creosote | — | ||||||
| Cresol (mixtures) | C₇H₈O | ||||||
| Caraway | — | ground | |||||
| Copper(I) chloride | CuCl | wässrig | |||||
| Copper(I) cyanide | CCuN | sat. | |||||
| Copper(II) chloride | CuCl₂ | sat. | |||||
| Copper(II) nitrate | Cu(NO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Copper(II) nitrate | Cu(NO₃)₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Copper(II) sulfate | CuSO₄ x ₅H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Kupferacetat Cupriacetat, Grünspan | C₄H₆CuO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Copper cyanide | CCuN | sat. | |||||
| Cuprous cyanide | CCuN | sat. | |||||
| Copper sulfate, aqueous | CuSO₄ x ₅H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Copper vitriol (Copper sulfate) | CuSO₄ x ₅H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Lachgas Distickstoffoxid, "Stickoxydul" | N₂O | ||||||
| Lactame cyclische Carbonsäureamide | — | ||||||
| Lactose | C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ | wässrig | |||||
| Lactose | C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ | wässrig | |||||
| Lanolin | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Latex Kautschukdispersion | — | ||||||
| Laurylalkohol | C₁₂H₂₆O | 100 % | |||||
| Laurylchlorid | C₁₂H₂₅Cl | 100 % | |||||
| Lavender oil | — | ||||||
| Cod liver oil | — | ||||||
| Glue (Bone glue) | — | any | |||||
| Linseed oil | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Lemongrass oil | — | ||||||
| Town gas, benzene-free | — | ||||||
| Ligroin Leichtbenzin | — | ||||||
| Liqueurs | — | ||||||
| Limonen, DL- | C₁₀H₁₆ | ||||||
| Lindan | C₆H₆Cl₆ | ||||||
| Lithium bromide | LiBr | ||||||
| Bay leaf (Laurel) | — | ground | |||||
| Lysol Desinfektionsmittel, Kresol + Seife | — | ||||||
| Magnesite | MgCO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Magnesium bromide | MgBr₂ | ||||||
| Magnesium carbonate | MgCO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Magnesium chloride | MgCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Magnesium chlorite | Mg(ClO₂)₂ | ||||||
| Magnesium hydroxide | Mg(HO)2 | sat. | |||||
| Magnesium iodide | MgJ₂ | ||||||
| Magnesium nitrate | Mg(NO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Magnesium sulfate | MgSO₄ | any | |||||
| Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate | MgSO₄ | any | |||||
| Maiskeimöl Maisöl | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Maleic acid | C₄H₄O₄ | sat. | |||||
| Maleic acid | C₄H₄O₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Malonic ester | C₇H₁₂O₄ | ||||||
| Diethyl malonate | C₇H₁₂O₄ | ||||||
| Almond oil | — | ||||||
| Margarine | — | ||||||
| Jam (Marmalade) | — | ||||||
| Machine oil | — | 100 % | |||||
| Sodium metabisulfite | Na₂S₂O₅ | any | |||||
| Sodium dichromate | Na₂Cr₂O₇ | ||||||
| Seawater | — | ||||||
| Molasses | — | ||||||
| Molasses wort | — | ||||||
| Menthadien-1,8, p- | C₁₀H₁₆ | ||||||
| Menthol | C₁₀H₂₀O | fest | |||||
| Thioglycolic acid | C₂H₄SO₂ | ||||||
| 2-Mercaptoethanoic acid | C₂H₄SO₂ | ||||||
| Mesityloxid | C₆H₁₀O | ||||||
| Methacrylic acid | C₄H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Methyl methacrylate | C₅H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Methan | CH₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Methanal solution | CH₂O | 10 % | |||||
| Methanamin | CH₅N | 32 % | |||||
| Ethanoic acid | C₂H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Methanol | CH₄O | ||||||
| Formic acid (Methanoic acid) | CH₂O₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Methenamin | C₆H₁₂N₄ | ||||||
| Methoxybenzol | C₇H₈O | 100 % | |||||
| Methoxybutanol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₅H₁₂O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Methoxyethanol | C₃H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Methoxyethylacetat | C₅H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Methoxyethyloleat Weichmacher | C₂₁H₄₀O₃ | ||||||
| Methoxypropanol | C₄H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Methyethylether | C₃H₈O | 100 % | |||||
| Methyl-2-hydroxybenzoat | C₈H₈O₃ | ||||||
| Methyl-2-methylpropionat | C₅H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Methylacetat | C₂H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Methylacrolein | C₄H₆O | tech. pure | |||||
| Methylacrylat | C₄H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Methacrylic acid | C₄H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Methylalkohol | — | ||||||
| Methylamin, (Mono-) | CH₅N | 32 % | |||||
| Methylbenzol | C₇H₈ | ||||||
| Methylbromid | CH₃Br | tech. pure | |||||
| Methylbutanol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₅H₁₂O | ||||||
| Methylbutanol, 3- | C₅H₁₂O | ||||||
| Methylbutanon-2, 3- | C₅H₁₀O | ||||||
| Methylbutylalkohol | C₅H₁₂O | ||||||
| Methylbutylketon | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Methylcellosolve | C₃H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Methylchloracetat | C₃H₅ClO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Methylchlorid | CH₂BrCl | 100 % | |||||
| Methylchloroform | C₂H₃Cl₃ | ||||||
| Methylcyanid | C₂H₃N | ||||||
| Methylcyclohexan | C₇H₁₄ | ||||||
| Methylcyclopentan | C₆H₁₂ | ||||||
| Methyldichloracetat | C₃H₄Cl₂O₂ | ||||||
| Methylen(di)chlorid | CH₂Cl₂ | ||||||
| Methylenchlorbromid | CH₂BrCl | 100 % | |||||
| Methylether | C₂H₆O | Gas | |||||
| Methylethylketon (MEK) | C₄H₈O | ||||||
| Methylformiat | C₂H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Methylglycol | C₃H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Methylglycolacetat | C₅H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Methylisobutenylketon | C₆H₁₀O | ||||||
| Methylisobutylketon (MIBK) | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Methylisopropylketon | C₅H₁₀O | ||||||
| Methylmethacrylat | C₅H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Methylmethanoat | C₂H₄O₂ | ||||||
| Methyloleat | C₁₉H₃₆O₂ | ||||||
| Methyloxiran | C₃H₆O | ||||||
| Methylpent-4-en-2-on, 5- | C₆H₁₀O | ||||||
| Methylpentan-2-on, 4- | C₆H₁₂O | ||||||
| Methylphenol | C₇H₈O | ||||||
| Methylphenylether | C₇H₈O | 100 % | |||||
| Methylphenylketon | C₈H₈O | ||||||
| Methylpropanol-1, 2- | C₄H₁₀O | ||||||
| Methylpropanol-2, 2- | C₄H₁₀O | ||||||
| Methylpropenoat | C₄H₆O₂ | ||||||
| 2-Methylpropenoic acid | C₄H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Methylpropylketon | C₅H₁₀O | ||||||
| Methylsalicylat synthetisches Wintergrünöl/Gaultheriaöl | C₈H₈O₃ | ||||||
| Methyl sulfuric acid | CH₄SO₄ | 50 % | |||||
| Methyl sulfuric acid | CH₄SO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Milk | — | ||||||
| Milchsäure Lactol | C₃H₆O₃ | 3 % | |||||
| Milchsäure Lactol | C₃H₆O₃ | 80 % | |||||
| Milchsäure Lactol | C₃H₆O₃ | 85 % | |||||
| Ethyl lactate | C₅H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Lactose | C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ | wässrig | |||||
| Mineral oil | — | ||||||
| Mineral water | — | ||||||
| Mohr's salt | (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂ | ||||||
| Whey | — | ||||||
| Monobrombenzol | C₆H₅Br | ||||||
| Monochlorbenzol | C₆H₅Cl | ||||||
| Monochloroacetic acid | C₂H₃ClO₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Ethyl monochloroacetate | C₄H₇ClO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Methyl monochloroacetate | C₃H₅ClO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Monoethanolamin | C₄H₁₁NO₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Monofluordichlormethan | CHCl₂F | 100 % | |||||
| Monokaliumtartrat | C₄H₅KO₆ | sat. | |||||
| Monopentylphthalat | C₁₃H₁₆O₄ | ||||||
| Morpholin | C₄H₉NO | tech. pure | |||||
| Motor oil | — | ||||||
| Mowilith D Polyvinylacetatdispersion; Clariant | — | ||||||
| Nutmeg | — | ground | |||||
| Nutmeg oil | — | ||||||
| Nail polish remover | — | ||||||
| Naphtha Petreoleumbenzin | — | ||||||
| Naphthalin | C₁₀H₈ | 100 % | |||||
| Naphthalin (in Alkohol) | — | ||||||
| Naphthen | C₆H₁₂ | ||||||
| Sodium acetate | C₂H₃NaO₂ | any | |||||
| Sodium aluminum sulfate | NaAl(SO₄)₂ | ||||||
| Sodium benzoate | C₇H₅NaO₂ | 36 % | |||||
| Sodium benzoate | C₇H₅NaO₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium benzoate | C₇H₅NaO₂ | ||||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | NaHCO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium bichromate | Na₂Cr₂O₇ | ||||||
| Sodium bisulfate | NaHSO₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Sodium bisulfate | NaHSO₄ | any | |||||
| Sodium bisulfite | NaHSO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium borate | Na₂B₄O₇ x ₁₀ H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Sodium borate | Na₂B₄O₇ x ₁₀ H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium bromate | NaBrO₃ | any | |||||
| Sodium bromide | NaBr | any | |||||
| Sodium carbonate | Na₂CO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium carbonate | Na₂CO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium carbonate | Na₂CO₃ | ||||||
| Sodium chlorate | NaClO₃ | any | |||||
| Sodium chlorate | NaClO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium chloride | NaCl | any | |||||
| Sodium chloride | NaCl | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium chlorite | NaClO₂ | verdünnt | |||||
| Sodium chromate | NaCrO₄ | verdünnt | |||||
| Sodium cyanide | CNNa | sat. | |||||
| Sodium cyanide | CNNa | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium dichromate | Na₂Cr₂O₇ | ||||||
| Sodium disulfite | Na₂S₂O₅ | any | |||||
| Sodium dithionite | Na₂S₂O₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Sodium dithionite | Na₂S₂O₄ | ||||||
| Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate | C₁₈H₂₉NaSO₃ | ||||||
| Sodium iron cyanide | C₆FeNa₄N₆ | ||||||
| Sodium ferrocyanide | C₆FeNa₄N₆ | ||||||
| Sodium fluoride | NaF | sat. | |||||
| Sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) | C₆FeNa₄N₆ | ||||||
| Sodium hexametaphosphate | (NaPO₃)₆ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium hydrogen carbonate | NaHCO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium hydrogen sulfate | NaHSO₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Sodium hydrogen sulfite | NaHSO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium hydrosulfite | Na₂S₂O₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | konz. | |||||
| Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | 30 % | |||||
| Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | 45 % | |||||
| Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | 50 % | |||||
| Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | 60 % | |||||
| Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | 1 % | |||||
| Natriumhypochlorit Javellewasser, neu | NaClO | verdünnt | |||||
| Natriumhypochlorit Javellewasser, neu | NaClO | 15 % | |||||
| Natriumhypochlorit Javellewasser, neu | NaClO | sat. | |||||
| Natriumhypochlorit Javellewasser, neu | NaClO | 12,5 % Cl | |||||
| Sodium hypodisulfite | Na₂S₂O₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Sodium iodide | NaJ | any | |||||
| Sodium metaborate peroxide | NaBO₂(HO)₂ x ₃H₂O₀₁₃₅₁₇-₂₀-₉ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium nitrate | NaNO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium nitrate | NaNO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium nitrite | NaNO₂ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium nitrite | NaNO₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium oxalate | C₂Na₂O₄ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium perborate | NaBO₂(HO)₂ x ₃H₂O₀₁₃₅₁₇-₂₀-₉ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium perborate | NaBO₂(HO)₂ x ₃H₂O₀₁₃₅₁₇-₂₀-₉ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium perchlorate | NaClO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium peroxide | Na₂O₂ | 10 % | |||||
| Sodium peroxide | Na₂O₂ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium peroxodisulfate | Na₂S₂O₈ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium persulfate | Na₂S₂O₈ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium phosphate | Na₃PO₄ x ₁₂H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Sodium phosphate | Na₃PO₄ x ₁₂H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium phosphate, dibasic | Na₂HPO₄ | ||||||
| Sodium phosphate, tribasic | Na₃PO₄ | ||||||
| Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate | Na₂HPO₄ | ||||||
| Sodium pyrosulfite | Na₂S₂O₅ | any | |||||
| Sodium silicate | Na₂Si₃O₇ | any | |||||
| Sodium stearate | C₁₈H₃₅NaO₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium sulfate | Na₂SO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium sulfate | Na₂SO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium sulfate | Na₂SO₄ | ||||||
| Sodium sulfide | Na₂S | sat. | |||||
| Sodium sulfide | Na₂S | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium sulfite | Na₂SO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium tetraborate | Na₂B₄O₇ x ₁₀ H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Natriumthiosulfat Fixiernatron, "Natriumhyposulfit" | Na₂S₂O₃ x ₅H₂O | any | |||||
| Natriumthiosulfat Fixiernatron, "Natriumhyposulfit" | Na₂S₂O₃ x ₅H₂O | sat. | |||||
| Natriumthiosulfat Fixiernatron, "Natriumhyposulfit" | Na₂S₂O₃ x ₅H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate | Na₂S₂O₃ x ₅H₂O | any | |||||
| Sodium hypochlorite solution | NaClO | verdünnt | |||||
| Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | konz. | |||||
| Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) | NaNO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Sodium water glass | Na₂Si₃O₇ | any | |||||
| Cloves | — | ground | |||||
| Neon | Ne | ||||||
| Netzmittel Tenside | — | 5 % | |||||
| Niacin | C₁₀H₁₄N₂ | ||||||
| Nickel(II) chloride | NiCl₂ | sat. | |||||
| Nickel(II) chloride | NiCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Nickel acetate | C₄H₆NiO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Nickel nitrate | Ni(NO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Nickel sulfate | NiSO₄ | sat. | |||||
| Nickel sulfate | NiSO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Nicotin | C₁₀H₁₄N₂ | ||||||
| Nicotinic acid | C₆H₅NO₂ | verdünnt | |||||
| Nitrobenzoesäure Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₇H₅NO₄ | ||||||
| Nitrobenzol | C₆H₅NO₂ | ||||||
| Nitroethan | C₂H₅NO₂ | ||||||
| Nitroglycerin | C₃H₅(NO₃)₃ | verdünnt | |||||
| Nitroglycol | C₂H₄(NO₃)₂ | verdünnt | |||||
| Nitropropan Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₃H₇NO₂ | ||||||
| Nitrose Gase Stickstoffmonoxid + Stickstoffdioxid | — | verdünnt | |||||
| Nitrotoluole | C₇H₇NO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Nitroverdünnung Lösemittelgemisch | — | ||||||
| Nonanol | C₉H₂₀O | 100 % | |||||
| Nonylalkohol | C₉H₂₀O | 100 % | |||||
| Fruit pulp | — | ||||||
| Fruit wine | — | ||||||
| Octadec-9-ensäure, cis- | C₁₈H₃₄O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Octadecansäure | C₁₈H₃₆O₂ | Kristalle | |||||
| Octafluor-cyclobutan | C₄F₈ | ||||||
| Octal | C₂₄H₃₈O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Octan, n- | C₈H₁₈ | ||||||
| Octanol, 1- | C₈H₁₈O | ||||||
| Octylalkohol, -n | C₈H₁₈O | ||||||
| Octylkresol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₁₅H₂₄O | 100 % | |||||
| Oils and fats, vegetable | — | ||||||
| Essential oils | — | ||||||
| Olein | C₁₈H₃₄O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Oleum rauchende Schwefelsäure | H₂SO₄ x SO₃ | 10 % SO3 | |||||
| Oleumdämpfe Schwefeltrioxid | — | low | |||||
| Olive oil | — | ||||||
| Oleic acid | C₁₈H₃₄O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Methoxyethyl oleate | C₂₁H₄₀O₃ | ||||||
| Methyl oleate | C₁₉H₃₆O₂ | ||||||
| Orange juice | — | ||||||
| Orange peel oil | — | ||||||
| Tetraethyl orthosilicate | C₈H₂₀SiO₄ | ||||||
| Orthophosphoric acid | H₃PO₄ | 30 % | |||||
| Oxabutylacetat | C₅H₁₀O₃ | ||||||
| Oxalic acid | C₂H₂O₄ x ₂H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Oxalic acid | C₂H₂O₄ x ₂H₂O | ||||||
| Oxalic acid sodium salt | C₂Na₂O₄ | sat. | |||||
| Oxalic acid ammonium salt | C₂H₈N₂O₄ | ||||||
| Oxiran | C₂H₄O | ||||||
| Oxolan | C₄H₈O | ||||||
| Oxydiethanoic acid | C₄H₆O₅ | wässrig | |||||
| Oxymethylfurfurol, 5- | C₆H₆O₃ | ||||||
| Ozon | O₃ | ||||||
| Ozon-Luft-Gemisch | — | ||||||
| Palmitic acid | C₁₆H₃₂O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Cetyl alcohol | C₁₆H₃₄O | 100 % | |||||
| Palm kernel oil | — | ||||||
| Palm oil | — | ||||||
| Paraffins | CnH₂n+₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Paraffin emulsion | — | ||||||
| Paraffin wax | — | geschmolzen(—) | |||||
| Paraform | (CH₂O)nH₂O | ||||||
| Paraformaldehyd | (CH₂O)nH₂O | ||||||
| Perfumes | — | ||||||
| Pectin Pektin | — | wässrig | |||||
| Pectin Pektin | — | ||||||
| Penicillin Antibiotikum | — | ||||||
| Pentachlordiphenyl ein PCB | C₁₂H₅Cl₅ | ||||||
| Pentamethylenimin | C₅H₁₁N | ||||||
| Pentan | C₅H₁₂ | ||||||
| Pentanon, 2- | C₅H₁₀O | ||||||
| Pentanon, 3- | C₅H₁₀O | ||||||
| Pentanthiol, 1- | C₅H₁₂S | ||||||
| Pentylacetat, n- | C₇H₁₁O₂ | ||||||
| Pentylalkohol | C₅H₁₂O | ||||||
| Pentylchlorid | C₅H₁₁Cl | ||||||
| Pentylzimtaldehyd, a- | C₁₄H₁₈O | ||||||
| Perchlorbutadien | C₄Cl₆ | ||||||
| Perchlorethen | C₂Cl₄ | ||||||
| Perchlorethylen (PER) | C₂Cl₄ | ||||||
| Perchloric acid | HClO₄ | 70 % | |||||
| Perchloric acid | HClO₄ | 20 % | |||||
| Perfluorpropan | C₃F₈ | ||||||
| Perhydrol | H₂O₂ | 30 % | |||||
| Petrolatum | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Petroleum ether | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Petroleum | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Pepper | — | ground | |||||
| Vegetable oils | — | ||||||
| Phenacetin | C₁₀H₁₃NO₂ | ||||||
| Phenetol | C₈H₁₀O | ||||||
| Phenol | C₆H₆O | 10 % | |||||
| Phenol | C₆H₆O | 100 % | |||||
| Phenolic resin molding compound | — | ||||||
| Phenyethylen | C₈H₈ | 100 % | |||||
| Phenyl-2-propenal, trans-3- | C₁₄H₁₈O | ||||||
| Phenylamin | C₆H₇N | ||||||
| Phenylanilin, N- | C₁₂H₁₁N | ||||||
| Phenylbromid | C₆H₅Br | ||||||
| Phenylcarbinol | C₇H₈O | ||||||
| Phenylchlorid | C₆H₅Cl | ||||||
| Phenylethanol | C₈H₁₀O | ||||||
| Phenylether | C₁₂H₁₀O | ||||||
| Phenylethylalkohol | C₈H₁₀O | ||||||
| Phenylethylether | C₈H₁₀O | ||||||
| Phenylhydrazin | C₆H₈N₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Phenylhydrazinchlorhydrat | C₆H₈N₂-HCl | ||||||
| Phenylhydrazin-HCl | C₆H₈N₂-HCl | ||||||
| Phenylpropan | C₉H₁₂ | ||||||
| Phenylsulfonat | — | ||||||
| Phenylsulfonsäure | C₆H₆ | ||||||
| Phosgene | COCl₂ | flüssig | |||||
| Phosgene | COCl₂ | gasförmig | |||||
| Phosphate Salze der Phosphorsäure | — | wässrig | |||||
| Phosphin | PH₃ | konz. | |||||
| Phosphor-(III)-chlorid | PCl₃ | ||||||
| Phosphoroxychlorid | PCl₃O | 100 % | |||||
| Phosphoroxychlorid | PCl₃O | ||||||
| Phosphorpentachlorid | PCl₅ | ||||||
| Phosphorpentoxid | P₄O₁₀ | tech. pure | |||||
| Phosphorperchlorid | PCl₅ | ||||||
| Phosphoric acid | H₃PO₄ | 30 % | |||||
| Phosphoric acid | H₃PO₄ | 85 % | |||||
| Phosphoric acid | H₃PO₄ | 1-5 % | |||||
| Phosphoric acid | H₃PO₄ | 20% | |||||
| Phosphoric acid anhydride | P₄O₁₀ | tech. pure | |||||
| Phosphoric acid chloride | PCl₅ | ||||||
| Tritolyl phosphate | C₂₁H₂₁PO₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Phosphortrichlorid | PCl₃ | ||||||
| Phosphine | PH₃ | konz. | |||||
| Phosphorylchlorid | PCl₃O | 100 % | |||||
| Phthalic acid | C₈H₆O₄ | sat. | |||||
| Amyl phthalate | C₁₈H₂₆O₄ | 100 % | |||||
| Dibutyl phthalate | C₁₆H₂₂O₄ | FR, 80°C | |||||
| Dicyclohexyl phthalate | C₂₀H₂₆O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Dimethyl phthalate | C₁₀H₁₀O₄ | 100 % | |||||
| Dinonyl phthalate | C₂₆H₄₂O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Monoamyl phthalate | C₁₃H₁₆O₄ | ||||||
| Picric acid | C₆H₃N₃O₇ | 1 % wässrig T | |||||
| Allspice | — | ground | |||||
| Piperidin | C₅H₁₁N | ||||||
| Polyester resins | — | ||||||
| Polyethylenglycol | HO-(C₂H₄O)n-H | 100 % | |||||
| Polyglycol | HO-(C₂H₄O)n-H | 100 % | |||||
| Polyoxyethylen | HO-(C₂H₄O)n-H | 100 % | |||||
| Polyoxymethylen | (CH₂O)nH₂O | ||||||
| Polyran M25 N Schmieröl | — | 80°C | |||||
| Polyran M400 Schmieröl | — | 80°C | |||||
| Polysiloxan | — | ||||||
| Polysolvan O Lösemittel, Glykolsäurebutylester; Celanese AG | C₆H₁₂O₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Bitter orange oil | — | ||||||
| Potash (Potassium carbonate) | K₂CO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Compressed air | — | ölhaltig | |||||
| Prontosil Chemotherapeutikum; Bayer - nicht mehr im Handel | — | ||||||
| Prop-2-enylacetat | C₅H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Propan | C₃H₈ | flüssig | |||||
| Propan | C₃H₈ | gasförmig | |||||
| Propandiol, 1,2- | C₆H₁₄O₃ | ||||||
| Propanol | C₃H₈O | ||||||
| Propanol, 2- | C₃H₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Propanon, 2- | C₃H₆O | ||||||
| Propionic acid | C₃H₆O₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Propantriol | C₃H₈O₃ | any | |||||
| Propargylalkohol | C₃H₄O | 7 % | |||||
| Propen | C₃H₆ | ||||||
| Propen-1-ol, 2- | C₃H₆O | 96 % | |||||
| Propensäureethylester | C₅H₈O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Propin-1-ol, 2- | C₃H₄O | 7 % | |||||
| Propionic acid | C₃H₆O₂ | 50 % | |||||
| Propionic acid | C₃H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Propylacetat | C₅H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Propylalkohol | C₃H₈O | tech. pure | |||||
| Propylamin, n- | C₃H₉N | ||||||
| Propylen | C₃H₆ | ||||||
| Propylen(di)chlorid | C₃H₆Cl₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Propylenglycol | C₃H₈O₂ | ||||||
| Propylenglycolmethylether Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₄H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Propylenoxid | C₃H₆O | ||||||
| Propylidintris(methanol) | C₆H₁₄O₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Propylnitrat | C₃H₇NO₃ | ||||||
| Pseudocumol | C₉H₁₂ | ||||||
| Pydraul C (312, 540) Basis Phosphorsäureester; Monsanto | — | ||||||
| Pydraul E (29, 30, 50, 65, 90, 11) Basis Phosphorsäureester; Monsanto | — | ||||||
| Pyridin | C₅H₅N | ||||||
| Pyridin-3-carbonsäure | C₁₀H₁₄N₂ | ||||||
| Pyrogallol | C₆H₆O₃ | ||||||
| Pyrosulfit | Na₂S₂O₅ | any | |||||
| Pyrrol | C₄H₅N | ||||||
| Mercury | Hg | pure | |||||
| Quecksilber-(II)-chlorid Sublimat | HgCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Mercury(II) cyanide | C₂HgN₂ | sat. | |||||
| Mercury(II) nitrate | Hg(NO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Mercury nitrate | Hg(NO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Mercury pernitrate | Hg(NO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Ramasit Hydrophobierungsmittel für Textilien; BASF | — | ||||||
| Resorcin | C₆H₆O₂ | 5 % | |||||
| Resorcin | C₆H₆O₂ | sat. | |||||
| Beef tallow | — | ||||||
| Beef tallow emulsion | — | sulfuriert | |||||
| Castor oil | — | 100 % | |||||
| Crude oil | — | 100 % | |||||
| Rose oil | — | ||||||
| Roasting gases | — | any | |||||
| Rapeseed oil | — | ||||||
| Rum flavor | — | ||||||
| Sagrotan Desinfektionsmittel; Schülke & Mayr | — | flüssig | |||||
| Salicylaldehyd | C₇H₆O₂ | ||||||
| Salicylic acid | C₇H₆O₃ | sat. | |||||
| Salicylic acid | C₇H₆O₃ | Pulver | |||||
| Methyl salicylate | C₈H₈O₃ | ||||||
| Sal ammoniac (Ammonium chloride) | (NH₄)Cl | fest | |||||
| Ammonia solution (Spirits of ammonia) | NH₃ + H₂O | 30 % | |||||
| Nitric acid | HNO₃ | 1-10 % | |||||
| Nitric acid | HNO₃ | 50 % | |||||
| Nitric acid | HNO₃ | 66 % | |||||
| Nitric acid | HNO₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Nitric acid | HNO₃ | 70 % | |||||
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | 1-5 % | |||||
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | 35 % | |||||
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | konz. | |||||
| Salzsäure Chlorwasserstoffsäure | HCl | 20 % | |||||
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | 0.1 | |||||
| Hydrochloric acid aluminum salt, anhydrous | AlCl₃ | 10 % | |||||
| Brine | NaCl | sat. | |||||
| Salt water, seawater | — | ||||||
| Saturated steam condensate | — | ||||||
| Oxygen | O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Lubricating oils | — | ||||||
| Soft soap | — | verdünnt | |||||
| Schwefel Sulfur, Netzschwefel, Schwefelblüte | S₈ | tech. pure | |||||
| Sulfur, molten, 121°C | S₈ | ||||||
| Schwefelchlorid wasserfrei! Wenn durch Feuchtigkeit auch nur Spuren von Salzsäure (HCI) abgespaltet werden, besteht die Gefahr von Lochfraß, Spalt- und Spannungsrisskorrosion. | S₂Cl₂ | ||||||
| Schwefeldioxid mit H2O -> Schweflige Säure | SO₂ | feucht | |||||
| Schwefeldioxid mit H2O -> Schweflige Säure | SO₂ | flüssig | |||||
| Sulfur dioxide, aqueous solution | H₂SO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Diethyl ether (Sulfuric ether) | C₂H₆O | Gas | |||||
| Sulfur hexafluoride | SF₆ | ||||||
| Carbon disulfide | CS₂ | ||||||
| Sulfur monochloride | S₂Cl₂ | ||||||
| Sodium sulfide | Na₂S | sat. | |||||
| Sulfuric acid | H₂SO₄ | 40 % | |||||
| Sulfuric acid | H₂SO₄ | 60 % | |||||
| Sulfuric acid | H₂SO₄ | 80 % | |||||
| Sulfuric acid | H₂SO₄ | 95 % | |||||
| Schwefelsäure Oleum | H₂SO₄ | rauchend | |||||
| Sulfuric acid | H₂SO₄ | 1-6 % | |||||
| Sulfuric acid | H₂SO₄ | 20 % | |||||
| Sulfuric acid copper(II) salt | CuSO₄ x ₅H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Methyl hydrogen sulfate | CH₄SO₄ | 50 % | |||||
| Sulfur trioxide | SO₃ | ||||||
| Hydrogen sulfide | H₂S | sat. | |||||
| Sulfurous acid | H₂SO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Thionyl chloride | Cl₂SO | tech. pure | |||||
| Lard | — | ||||||
| Dibenzyl sebacate | C₂₄H₂₆O₄ | ||||||
| Dibutyl sebacate | C₁₈H₃₄O₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Diethyl sebacate | C₁₄H₂₆O₄ | ||||||
| Seawater | — | ||||||
| Soap solution | — | any | |||||
| Mustard | — | ||||||
| Mustard oil | C₄H₅NS | ||||||
| Silver acetate | C₂H₃AgO₂ | ||||||
| Silver cyanide | CAgN | ||||||
| Silbernitrat Höllenstein | AgNO₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Silbernitrat Höllenstein | AgNO₃ | ||||||
| Siliciumdioxid | SiO₂ | any | |||||
| Silicone greases | — | ||||||
| Siliconöl Polysiloxan | — | ||||||
| Skydrol 500 (B4) Basis Phosphorsäureester; Solutia | — | ||||||
| Skydrol 7000 Basis Phosphorsäureester; Solutia | — | ||||||
| Soda (Sodium carbonate) | Na₂CO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Soybean oil | — | ||||||
| Spindle oil | — | ||||||
| Spinning bath acids | — | 100mg CS2/l ? | |||||
| Spinning solution, viscose | — | ||||||
| Spirituosen Ethanol 40 % | C₂H₆O | ||||||
| Spiritus Ethanol | C₂H₆O | ||||||
| Dishwashing detergent | — | wässrig | |||||
| Starch gum (Dextrin) | (C₆H₁₀O₅)n x H₂O | wässrig | |||||
| Starch solution | (C₆H₁₀O₅)n | any | |||||
| Starch syrup | — | ||||||
| Stauffer grease | — | ||||||
| Stearic acid | C₁₈H₃₆O₂ | Kristalle | |||||
| Zinc stearate | C₃₆H₇₀ZnO₄ | ||||||
| Butyl stearate | C₂₂H₄₄O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Coal tar oil | — | 100 % | |||||
| Nitrogen | N₂ | ||||||
| Nitrogen tetroxide | N₂O₄ | ||||||
| Strontium bromide | SrBr₂ | ||||||
| Strychnin | C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₂ | ||||||
| Styrol | C₈H₈ | 100 % | |||||
| Sulfite liquor | Ca(HSO₃)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Sulfurylchlorid | Cl₂SO₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Tallow | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Tannin | C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆ | 10 % | |||||
| Tannin | C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆ | ||||||
| Tar | — | ||||||
| Surfactants | — | 5 % | |||||
| Turpentine substitute | — | ||||||
| Turpentine oil | — | ||||||
| White spirit | — | flüssig | |||||
| Test fuel A (ISO Fluid A) | — | ||||||
| Test fuel B (ISO Fluid B) | — | ||||||
| Test fuel C (ISO Fluid C) | — | ||||||
| Test fuel D (ISO Fluid D) | — | ||||||
| Tetrabromethan (TBE) Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₂H₂Br₄ | 100 % | |||||
| Tetrabromkohlenstoff | CBr₄ | ||||||
| Tetrabrommethan | CBr₄ | ||||||
| Tetrachlorethan Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₂H₂Cl₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Tetrachlorethen | C₂Cl₄ | ||||||
| Tetrachlorethylen | C₂Cl₄ | ||||||
| Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (TETRA) wasserfrei! Wenn durch Feuchtigkeit auch nur Spuren von Salzsäure (HCI) abgespaltet werden, besteht die Gefahr von Lochfraß, Spalt- und Spannungsrisskorrosion. | CCl₄ | ||||||
| Tetrachlormethan | CCl₄ | ||||||
| Tetrachlortitan | TiCl₄ | ||||||
| Tetraethylblei (TEL) | C₈H₂₀Pb | tech. pure | |||||
| Tetraethylorthosilicat | C₈H₂₀SiO₄ | ||||||
| Tetrafluormethan | CF₄ | ||||||
| Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazin | C₄H₉NO | tech. pure | |||||
| Tetrahydrofuran (THF) | C₄H₈O | ||||||
| Tetrahydrofurfurylalkohol | C₅H₁₀O₂ | ||||||
| Tetrahydronaphthalin | C₁₀H₁₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Tetralin | C₁₀H₁₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Tetramethylenoxid | C₄H₈O | ||||||
| Tetraphosphordecaoxid | P₄O₁₀ | tech. pure | |||||
| Thiacyclopentadien | C₂H₄S | ||||||
| Thiofuran | C₂H₄S | ||||||
| Thioglycolsäure | C₂H₄SO₂ | ||||||
| Thionylchlorid | Cl₂SO | tech. pure | |||||
| Thiophen | C₂H₄S | ||||||
| Thymol | C₁₀H₁₄O | ||||||
| Titanchlorid | TiCl₄ | ||||||
| Titantetrachlorid | TiCl₄ | ||||||
| Toluen | C₇H₈ | ||||||
| Toluol | C₇H₈ | ||||||
| Toluolsulfonchloramid-Natrium, p- | C₇H₇ClNaNSO₂ | verdünnt | |||||
| Tragacanth | — | ||||||
| Transformer oil | — | ||||||
| Glucose (Dextrose) | C₆H₁₂O₆ | any | |||||
| Triacetin | C₉H₁₄O₆ | ||||||
| Tribrommethan | CHBr₃ | ||||||
| Tributylcitrat | C₁₈H₃₂O₇ | ||||||
| Tributylphosphat (TBP) | C₁₂H₂₇PO₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Trichloracetaldehyd | C₂HCl₃O | 100 % | |||||
| Trichloracetaldehyd-hydrat | C₂H₃Cl₃O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Trichloraldehydhydrat | C₂H₃Cl₃O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Trichlorbenzol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₆H₃Cl₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) | C₂HCl₃O₂ | ||||||
| Trichlorethan Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₂H₃Cl₃ | ||||||
| Trichlorethen | C₂HCl₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Trichlorethylen (TRI) wasserfrei! Wenn durch Feuchtigkeit auch nur Spuren von Salzsäure (HCI) abgespaltet werden, besteht die Gefahr von Lochfraß, Spalt- und Spannungsrisskorrosion. | C₂HCl₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Trichlorfluormethan | CCl₃F | ||||||
| Trichlormethan | CHCl₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Trichlormonofluormethan | CCl₃F | ||||||
| Trichlorphenol Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₆H₃Cl₃O | ||||||
| Trichlorphosphin | PCl₃ | ||||||
| Trichlorphosphinoxid | PCl₃O | 100 % | |||||
| Trichlorphosphoroxid | PCl₃O | 100 % | |||||
| Trichlortrifluorethan | C₂Cl₃F₃ | ||||||
| Triethanolamin (TEA) | C₆H₁₅NO₃ | tech. pure | |||||
| Triethylamin (TEA) | C₆H₁₅N | tech. pure | |||||
| Triethylenglycol | C₆H₁₄O₄ | ||||||
| Triethylenglykoldiacetat | C₁₀H₁₈O₆ | ||||||
| Trifluortrichlorethan Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₂Cl₃F₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Triglycol | C₆H₁₄O₄ | ||||||
| Triglycolacetat | C₁₀H₁₈O₆ | ||||||
| Trihydroxybenzoesäure, 3,4,5- | C₇H₆O₅ x H₂O | ||||||
| Trihydroxybenzol, 1,2,3- | C₆H₆O₃ | ||||||
| Trihydroxybutan | C₄H₁₀O₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Trihydroxypurin, 2,6,8- | C₅H₄N₄O₃ | ||||||
| Trihydroxytriethylamin | C₆H₁₅NO₃ | tech. pure | |||||
| Triiodmethan | CHJ₃ | 100 % | |||||
| Triisopropylbenzol | C₁₅H₂₄ | ||||||
| Trikresylphosphat (TCF) Isomeres in der Quelle nicht angegeben | C₂₁H₂₁PO₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Trimethylbenzol, 1,3,4- | C₉H₁₂ | ||||||
| Trimethylolpropan | C₆H₁₄O₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Trimethylpentan, 2,2,4- | C₈H₁₈ | tech. pure | |||||
| Trisodium phosphate | Na₃PO₄ | ||||||
| Trisodium phosphate, tribasic | Na₂HPO₄ | ||||||
| Trinitrophenol, 2,4,6- | C₆H₃N₃O₇ | 1 % wässrig T | |||||
| Trioctylphosphat | C₂₄H₅₄PO₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Tripen | C₄Cl₆ | ||||||
| Tripropylenglycol (TPG) | C₉H₂₀O₄ | ||||||
| Tris(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphat | C₂₄H₅₄PO₄ | tech. pure | |||||
| Tris(hydroxyethyl)-amin | C₆H₁₅NO₃ | tech. pure | |||||
| Tris(hydroxymethyl)-propan | C₆H₁₄O₃ | wässrig | |||||
| Tropasäure-tropylester-sulfat | C₃₄H₄₈N₂SO₁₀-H₂O ₀₀₀₀₅₅-₄₈-₁ | ||||||
| Tung oil | — | ||||||
| Turbine oil (mineral oil based) | — | ||||||
| Perchloric acid | HClO₄ | 70 % | |||||
| Undecanol | C₁₁H₂₄O | ||||||
| Undecylalkohol | C₁₁H₂₄O | ||||||
| Urine | — | ||||||
| Urotropin | C₆H₁₂N₄ | ||||||
| Petrolatum (Vaseline) | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Vaselinöl Paraffinöl | — | 100 % | |||||
| Vaselinöl Paraffinöl | — | ||||||
| Vinylacetat | C₄H₆O₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Vinylbenzol | C₈H₈ | 100 % | |||||
| Vinylcarbinol | C₃H₆O | 96 % | |||||
| Vinylchlorid | C₂H₃Cl | tech. pure | |||||
| Vinylcyanid | C₃H₃N | ||||||
| Vinylethylen | C₄H₆ | ||||||
| Vinylidenchlorid | C₂H₂Cl₂ | ||||||
| Vitamin C | C₆H₈O₆ | flüssig | |||||
| Wax alcohol | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Waxes | — | ||||||
| Walnut oil | — | ||||||
| Spermaceti | — | ||||||
| Detergent | — | ||||||
| Water | H₂O | ||||||
| Water, distilled | H₂O | ||||||
| Wasserglas wässrige Lösung von Alkalisilicaten | Na₂Si₃O₇ | sat. | |||||
| Hydrogen | H₂ | tech. pure | |||||
| Hydrogen peroxide | H₂O₂ | 30 % | |||||
| Hydrogen peroxide | H₂O₂ | 100 % | |||||
| Hydrogen peroxide | H₂O₂ | 90 % | |||||
| Hydrogen peroxide | H₂O₂ | 3 % | |||||
| Hydrogen peroxide | H₂O₂ | 30 % | |||||
| Plasticizers | — | ||||||
| Wines | — | ||||||
| Weingeist Ethanol | C₂H₆O | 50 % | |||||
| Weingeist Ethanol | C₂H₆O | 96 % | |||||
| Tartaric acid | C₄H₆O₆ | wässrig | |||||
| Tartaric acid | C₄H₆O₆ | ||||||
| Cream of tartar | C₄H₅KO₆ | sat. | |||||
| Whiskey Whisky, Scotch, Bourbon | — | ||||||
| White Spirit | — | ||||||
| Lanolin (Wool fat) | — | tech. pure | |||||
| Xenon | Xe | ||||||
| Xylen | C₈H₁₀ | ||||||
| Xylol | C₈H₁₀ | ||||||
| Cedar oil | — | ||||||
| Cinnamon | — | ground | |||||
| Cinnamaldehyde | C₉H₈O | ||||||
| Cinnamon oil | — | ||||||
| Zinc acetate | C₄H₆ZnO₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Zinc bromide | ZnBr₂ | ||||||
| Zinkcarbonat wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | ZnCO₃ | sat. | |||||
| Zinc chloride | ZnCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Zinc chloride | ZnCl₂ | 10 % | |||||
| Zinc nitrate | Zn(NO₃)₂ | ||||||
| Zinkoxid wegen geringer Löslichkeit keine chemische Einwirkung zu erwarten | ZnO | fest | |||||
| Zinc phosphate | Zn₃(PO₄)₂ | sat. | |||||
| Zinc ointment | — | ||||||
| Zinc slurry | — | ||||||
| Zinc stearate | C₃₆H₇₀ZnO₄ | ||||||
| Zinc sulfate | ZnSO₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Zinc vitriol (Zinc sulfate) | ZnSO₄ | 10 % | |||||
| Tin(II) chloride | SnCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Tin(II) chloride | SnCl₂ | sat. | |||||
| Tin(IV) chloride | SnCl₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Tin dichloride | SnCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Stannous chloride | SnCl₂ | wässrig | |||||
| Tin tetrachloride | SnCl₄ | wässrig | |||||
| Lemon juice | — | ||||||
| Citric acid | C₆H₈O₇ | 10 % | |||||
| Citric acid | C₆H₈O₇ | 50 % | |||||
| Citric acid | C₆H₈O₇ | sat. | |||||
| Zitronenschalenöl hauptsächlich Limonen | — | ||||||
| Citrus juices | — | wässrig | |||||
| Sugar beet juice | — | ||||||
| Saccharic acid | — | sat. | |||||
| Sugar syrup | — | ||||||
| Two-stroke oil | — | 100 % |
Source: Compiled from the resistance table by Bürkert. All values apply to chemically pure substances. Deviations in practice are possible.
Chemical resistance by industry
Material selection in vessel construction is driven not only by the individual substance but by the typical requirements of each industry — from cleaning cycles and temperature profiles to regulatory specifications.
Food and dairy
In the processing of dairy products such as fresh milk, yogurt, or cream, V2A (1.4301) is the most widely used material. Resistance to most cleaning and disinfection agents during regular CIP cleaning is ensured.
Where particularly acidic or fermented dairy products are processed and the pH drops, higher-alloyed V4A materials (1.4404) can extend vessel service life. This also applies when higher salt concentrations are present (e.g., in sauces or processed meats) or the medium contains high concentrations of organic acids (acetic acid, lactic acid).
- Standard application: V2A (1.4301) — milk, water, fruit juices, mild cleaning agents
- For acid contact: V4A (1.4404) — whey, vinegar, fermented products, saline media
- CIP cleaning: V2A is sufficient at standard concentrations; V4A recommended for chlorine-based or strongly alkaline cleaners
Pharma and life science
In the pharmaceutical industry, not only chemical resistance is critical but also the surface finish and purity of the stainless steel. Particularly smooth surfaces (e.g., Ra ≤ 0.4 µm) prevent deposits of microorganisms and enable reliable cleaning.
V4A materials such as 1.4404, 1.4571, or 1.4435 are the most widely used in pharmaceutical storage vessels and similar application areas (life science, medical technology).
- Standard material: 1.4404 (V4A) — good weldability, low carbon content
- Higher requirements: 1.4435 — higher Mo content for aggressive cleaning media
- Surface requirement: Electropolished, Ra ≤ 0.8 µm (standard), Ra ≤ 0.4 µm (high purity)
- Regulatory: FDA, EC 1935/2004, GMP-compliant
Chemical industry
In the chemical industry, particularly high temperatures (e.g., 200°C), dynamic loads from agitators, or reactions under pressure and vacuum can place special demands on material quality. Reactors for specialty chemicals or agrochemicals are primarily made from 1.4571 and similar V4A alloys.
At high concentrations of corrosive substances such as sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide, higher-alloyed stainless steels or duplex materials may be necessary to ensure maximum vessel service life. In some areas of the chemical industry — such as paint and coatings chemistry or the storage of non-critical raw materials — V2A materials can also be used.
- Standard application: 1.4571 (V4A+Ti) — temperature resistance, good weldability at high temperatures
- Aggressive media: 1.4539 (904L) or duplex steels — concentrated acids, high chloride exposure
- Extreme conditions: Hastelloy, Inconel — when even special alloys are no longer sufficient
- Non-critical storage: V2A (1.4301) possible for paints, lacquers, neutral raw materials
Limits of resistance – when stainless steel fails
Despite the wide variety of alloys, stainless steel reaches its limits under certain conditions. Knowing these limits protects against vessel failure and unplanned downtime.
The following scenarios are particularly critical:
- Hydrofluoric acid (HF): Attacks all austenitic stainless steels regardless of the alloy. Even 1.4539 and duplex steels are not resistant. Special materials such as Hastelloy C276 or plastic linings are required.
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl): Highly aggressive even at low concentrations. V2A is not resistant (Level 3), V4A only poorly resistant (Level 2) and unsuitable for permanent contact. Special materials are required for safe use with hydrochloric acid.
- Highly concentrated chlorides: Seawater, brine, swimming pool water — chloride ions break through the passive layer and cause pitting. V4A improves the situation but does not eliminate the risk entirely.
- Reducing acids at high temperature: Sulfuric acid above 50% at temperatures above 50°C destroys the passive layer faster than it can regenerate.
- Crevice conditions: In crevices, under gaskets, or in dead zones, oxygen for passive layer regeneration is lacking. Aggressive ions concentrate, and the corrosion rate increases sharply in localized areas.
- Cyclic loading: Cyclic temperature and pressure changes combined with corrosive media can trigger stress corrosion cracking — a damage mechanism in which the material suddenly fails without prior visible corrosion.
In all the above cases, a detailed material consultation is recommended. The additional cost of a higher-alloyed or alternative solution is negligible compared to the risk of vessel failure.
Further resources
Für eine detaillierte Übersicht empfehlen wir die Beständigkeitstabelle von Bürkert, die umfassende Informationen darüber enthält, wie unterschiedliche Materialien — darunter auch Edelstahl — gegenüber einer Vielzahl von Chemikalien beständig sind. Diese Tabellen erleichtern die Entscheidung über die passende Materialauswahl erheblich, besonders in Branchen, die mit aggressiven Medien arbeiten.
Einen Überblick über die geläufigsten Werkstoffgüten für Edelstahlbehälter finden Sie in unserem separaten Fachartikel, der die Unterschiede zwischen den gängigen Legierungen im Behälterbau erläutert.
Find the right vessel
You know which substance you are processing and are looking for the right vessel or tank?
Our stock includes stainless steel vessels in V2A and V4A in various volumes and configurations — for food, pharmaceutical, and chemical processes. For borderline cases, mixed media, or special requirements, we are happy to provide individual consultation.
